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Quizzes > Science > Biology

Ace Your AP Biology Final Review Quiz

Ready to master the AP Bio final review? Challenge yourself now!

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration of DNA strands cells leaves on sky blue background for AP Biology final review quiz

Ready to dominate your ap biology final review? Dive into our free, scored AP Biology Final Review Quiz and test your command of genetics, cellular processes, and ecology. You'll tackle Mendelian inheritance puzzles, explore cell signaling pathways, and analyze ecosystem dynamics. Sharpen critical concepts, simulate realistic ap bio final exam questions, and verify your understanding with clear final exam review biology answers. For extra practice and to fine-tune every topic before the ap biology final exam, try our comprehensive MCQs or a focused ap bio final review . Whether you're in the final stretch or planning ahead, this ap bio final review tool is your key to exam-day confidence. Get started now!

What is considered the basic structural and functional unit of life?
Organelle
Cell
Molecule
Tissue
The cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all life processes, making it the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. Tissues and organs are composed of cells, and organelles are components within cells. This concept is fundamental in biology and was popularized by cell theory. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/what-is-biology/characteristics-of-life/a/cells-and-their-components
Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses' of eukaryotic cells because they perform oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis in plant cells, while the rough ER synthesizes proteins and lysosomes digest biomolecules. The inner mitochondrial membrane houses the electron transport chain critical for ATP production. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26860/
Which molecule carries genetic information in most living organisms?
RNA
Protein
Polysaccharide
DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores hereditary information used for the development and functioning of living organisms. RNA plays a role in protein synthesis and regulation but is not the primary storage molecule. Proteins perform structural and enzymatic roles, while polysaccharides serve as energy stores or structural components. https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/DNA-RNA
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in glucose. Mitochondria generate ATP by cellular respiration, the nucleus houses genetic material, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts proteins. Chloroplasts contain thylakoid membranes that house photosynthetic pigments and the electron transport chain. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis
What term describes the passive diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Active transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion is the general movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion involves membrane proteins to assist passive transport, while active transport requires energy input. https://www.britannica.com/science/osmosis
According to the central dogma of molecular biology, information flows from:
DNA to Protein to RNA
DNA to RNA to Protein
Protein to RNA to DNA
RNA to DNA to Protein
The central dogma describes how genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA to synthesize proteins. Reverse transcription (RNA to DNA) occurs in retroviruses but is not part of the standard flow. Proteins do not transfer information back to nucleic acids. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-406/
Which process best describes the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytosol?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Krebs cycle
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the cytosol. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in mitochondria. Fermentation regenerates NAD+ under anaerobic conditions but follows glycolysis. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/a/overview-of-glycolysis
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equatorial plane?
Telophase
Anaphase
Prophase
Metaphase
During metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (cell's equatorial plane) guided by spindle fibers. In prophase, chromosomes condense and the spindle forms. Anaphase involves sister chromatid separation, and telophase involves nuclear reformation. https://www.britannica.com/science/metaphase
What structure in a plant cell provides rigidity and support to the cell?
Cell wall
Vacuole
Cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane
The cell wall, composed primarily of cellulose in plants, provides rigidity, structural support, and protection. The plasma membrane regulates passage of materials in and out of the cell. The cytoskeleton gives internal shape, and the vacuole stores nutrients and maintains turgor pressure. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-plant/plant-cell-components/a/plant-cell-components-review
Which of the following best describes an allele?
A type of RNA molecule
A variant form of a gene
A protein complex
A cell organelle
An allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. Alleles account for variations in inherited characteristics. RNA molecules and proteins are products of gene expression, not gene variants. https://www.britannica.com/science/allel
What pH value indicates a solution is basic?
8
1
6
7
On the pH scale, values above 7 indicate basic (alkaline) solutions while values below 7 indicate acidic. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH of 8 demonstrates lower hydrogen ion concentration compared to pure water. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic
Which macromolecule class includes enzymes?
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of amino acid chains, placing them in the protein class. Lipids are fats and membranes, carbohydrates are sugars and starches, and nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. The protein's unique 3D conformation is essential for catalytic function. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/a/proteins-article
What defines a species according to the biological species concept?
Individuals with identical DNA sequences
Organisms with similar ecological niches
Populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Organisms living in the same habitat
The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding populations that can produce fertile offspring. Similar ecological niches or habitats do not guarantee reproductive compatibility. Identical DNA sequences are not required for species classification. https://www.britannica.com/science/biological-species-concept
Which ecological level describes all living organisms and their physical environment interacting in a specific area?
Ecosystem
Community
Biosphere
Population
An ecosystem includes all organisms in a given area plus the abiotic factors with which they interact. A community is just the living organisms, a population is one species, and the biosphere encompasses all ecosystems on Earth. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ecosystem/
Which process converts nitrogen gas into ammonia making it available to plants?
Ammonification
Nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Nitrification
Nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain bacteria and archaea that convert atmospheric N? into ammonia (NH?), which plants can assimilate. Nitrification converts ammonia to nitrate, denitrification returns nitrogen gas to the atmosphere, and ammonification releases ammonia from organic matter. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/nitrogen-cycle/a/the-nitrogen-cycle
What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
Lipid synthesis
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
ATP production
Ribosomes are molecular complexes that facilitate translation, assembling amino acids into polypeptide chains based on mRNA sequence. DNA replication occurs in the nucleus, ATP production in mitochondria, and lipid synthesis in the smooth ER. Ribosomal RNA and proteins are integral components of ribosomes. https://www.britannica.com/science/ribosome
In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (TtYy x TtYy), what phenotypic ratio is expected in the offspring?
1:1:1:1
9:7
3:1
9:3:3:1
A classic Mendelian dihybrid cross between heterozygotes for two traits yields a 9 (dominant both):3 (dominant first recessive second):3 (recessive first dominant second):1 (both recessive) phenotypic ratio. The 3:1 ratio applies to monohybrid crosses, while 9:7 is seen in some epistatic interactions. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/heredity/hs-intro-to-genetics/a/hs-intro-to-genetics-review
Which assumption is required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
High mutation rate and strong selection
Assortative mating and natural selection
No mutation, random mating, no selection, infinite population size, no gene flow
Limited population size and gene flow
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, infinite population size (no genetic drift), and no migration (gene flow) to maintain constant allele frequencies. Violation of any assumption causes evolution. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/hardy-weinberg-principle-13231108/
What type of enzyme inhibition can be overcome by adding more substrate?
Noncompetitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition
Allosteric inhibition
Uncompetitive inhibition
Competitive inhibitors bind the active site, competing with substrate; increasing substrate concentration outcompetes the inhibitor, restoring enzyme activity. Noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibitors cannot be overcome by substrate addition. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/competitive-and-non-competitive-inhibition
Which model describes the plasma membrane structure?
Sandwich
Fluid rigid
Fluid mosaic
Lock and key
The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded and able to move laterally. The 'sandwich' model is outdated, and 'lock and key' refers to enzyme specificity. Membrane fluidity is influenced by lipid composition and temperature. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport
What is the primary role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in signal transduction?
Transport ions across the membrane
Directly phosphorylate target proteins
Break down second messengers
Activate intracellular G proteins upon ligand binding
GPCRs span the membrane and, upon ligand binding, change conformation to activate heterotrimeric G proteins, which then modulate downstream effectors. They do not directly phosphorylate proteins, transport ions, or degrade second messengers. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11047/
Which enzyme synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription?
RNA polymerase
Ribosome
DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to form an mRNA transcript. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, ribosomes translate RNA, and reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from RNA. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-basics/a/transcription-basics
Which mechanism regulates enzyme activity through an end product binding to an enzyme early in the pathway?
Allosteric activation
Feedback inhibition
Feedforward activation
Competitive inhibition
Feedback inhibition is when the end product of a metabolic pathway binds to an allosteric site on an early enzyme, inhibiting its activity to regulate synthesis. Competitive inhibitors resemble substrates, and feedforward activation stimulates downstream enzymes. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/metabolism/metabolism-regulation/a/metabolic-regulation
What distinguishes pinocytosis from phagocytosis?
Pinocytosis is receptor-mediated; phagocytosis is not
Pinocytosis ingests fluids and solutes; phagocytosis ingests large particles
Phagocytosis only occurs in plant cells
Phagocytosis requires ATP; pinocytosis does not
Pinocytosis is the non-specific uptake of extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes, whereas phagocytosis is the engulfment of large particles or cells. Both require ATP and can be receptor-mediated, and phagocytosis occurs primarily in specialized animal cells. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/cellular-dessication/a/cellular-endocytosis
Which law states that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation?
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Dominance
Law of Segregation
Law of Unit Characters
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation, leading to varied allele combinations. The Law of Segregation pertains to separation of allele pairs. https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/independent-assortment-174/
What is the main purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Cut DNA at specific sites
Amplify specific DNA sequences
Translate RNA into protein
Sequence entire genomes
PCR is used to exponentially amplify targeted DNA fragments using primers, DNA polymerase, and thermal cycling. It does not inherently sequence DNA, translate RNA, or cleave DNA. https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/PCR
Which blotting technique is used to detect specific DNA fragments?
Western blot
Northern blot
Eastern blot
Southern blot
Southern blotting transfers DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane and uses labeled probes to detect specific sequences. Northern blot detects RNA, Western blot detects proteins, and Eastern blot is rarely used. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-principles/a/blotting-techniques
Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures DNA has been accurately replicated before mitosis?
S checkpoint
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
G1 checkpoint
The G2 checkpoint verifies complete and error-free DNA replication before entry into mitosis. The G1 checkpoint checks cell size and environment, the M checkpoint monitors chromosome attachment during mitosis, and there is no distinct S checkpoint. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/checkpoints-meet-cyclins-and-cdks-205/
In plants, what tissue conducts water and minerals from roots to leaves?
Cortex
Xylem
Epidermis
Phloem
Xylem vessels transport water and dissolved minerals upward from roots to aerial parts using transpirational pull. Phloem moves sugars bidirectionally, the epidermis is protective tissue, and the cortex stores nutrients. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/plants
What does a low Km value indicate about an enzyme's affinity for its substrate?
Inhibition by substrate
High affinity
No effect on reaction
Low affinity
Km is the substrate concentration at which reaction rate is half Vmax. A low Km indicates high enzyme-substrate affinity because less substrate is needed to reach half-maximal velocity. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22430/
Which ion pump contributes directly to the membrane potential by moving three Na+ out and two K+ in?
Proton pump
Chloride channel
Sodium-potassium pump
Calcium pump
The sodium-potassium ATPase actively transports three Na+ ions out for every two K+ ions in, creating an electrochemical gradient and maintaining resting membrane potential. Calcium pumps export Ca2+, proton pumps move H+, and chloride channels are passive. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neuron-resting-potential-article
In logistic population growth, what term represents the maximum population size that the environment can sustain?
Exponential growth
Carrying capacity (K)
Biotic potential
Intrinsic rate of increase (r)
Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum number of individuals of a population that an environment can sustain indefinitely given resources. Intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the growth rate without limits. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/population-ecology/a/exponential-and-logistic-population-growth
When a gene at one locus masks the expression of a gene at another locus, what type of interaction is this?
Codominance
Epistasis
Pleiotropy
Polygenic inheritance
Epistasis occurs when the allele of one gene masks the effects of another gene at a different locus. Pleiotropy is when one gene affects multiple traits, polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes affecting one trait, and codominance is joint expression of alleles. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/heredity/epistasis/a/epistasis
In the lac operon of E. coli, what molecule binds to the repressor to allow transcription of lactose-utilizing genes?
cAMP
Lactose
Allolactose
Glucose
Allolactose, an isomer of lactose, binds to the lac repressor causing a conformational change that releases it from the operator, enabling transcription of lac genes. Lactose itself is less effective, glucose does not bind the repressor, and cAMP is involved in catabolite activation, not repressor release. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/prokaryotic-operons-regulation-lac-operon-419/
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is established by:
ATP hydrolysis
Photorespiration
Electron transport through photosystems II and I
Calvin cycle activity
As electrons move through photosystem II and the cytochrome complex to photosystem I, protons are pumped into the thylakoid lumen, creating a gradient used by ATP synthase. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, photorespiration uses O2, and ATP hydrolysis dissipates, rather than establishes, gradients. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis/light-reactions/a/light-reactions
Which carrier shuttles electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain?
NADH
Coenzyme A
FAD
Acetyl-CoA
NADH, generated during the citric acid cycle, carries electrons to Complex I of the electron transport chain. FADH2 also carries electrons but enters at Complex II. Coenzyme A and acetyl-CoA are involved in the cycle but do not shuttle electrons to the chain. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/overview-citric-acid-cycle/a/anabolism-catabolism-and-mitochondria
In a population with allele frequencies p=0.7 and q=0.3 for a gene, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
0.21
0.49
0.09
0.42
Under Hardy-Weinberg, heterozygote frequency is 2pq = 2(0.7)(0.3) = 0.42. The term p² represents homozygous dominant and q² homozygous recessive. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/heredity/hardy-weinberg-equilibrium/a/hardy-weinberg-equilibrium-article
What term describes the phenomenon where two similar species overlap geographically and diverge in one or more characteristics to avoid competition?
Character displacement
Resource partitioning
Sympatric speciation
Convergent evolution
Character displacement occurs when competing species in the same area evolve distinct traits to minimize competition. Resource partitioning is the use of different resources without morphological change. Convergent evolution is unrelated species evolving similar traits, and sympatric speciation is speciation without geographic isolation. https://www.britannica.com/science/character-displacement
Which index measures species diversity by taking into account both richness and evenness?
Simpson's diversity index
Species richness
Abundance distribution
Shannon's information index
Simpson's diversity index measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample belong to the same species, incorporating richness and evenness. Shannon's index also measures both but is called Shannon's information index. Species richness counts species number only. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/community-ecology/a/biodiversity-and-species-interactions
What is the genetic consequence of a population bottleneck event?
Increased mutation rate
Greater genetic drift resistance
Higher allele frequency stability
Reduced genetic variation
A bottleneck event drastically reduces population size and thus genetic diversity. This can increase genetic drift effects and risk of inbreeding. Mutation rate is independent of bottleneck, and allele frequencies fluctuate more. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/heredity/population-genetics/a/genetic-drift-article
Which term describes structures in different species that have similar function but different evolutionary origins?
Homologous structures
Analogous structures
Vestigial structures
Convergent structures
Analogous structures arise when different species adapt similarly to similar environmental pressures and perform similar functions but have distinct ancestral origins. Homologous structures have common ancestry. Vestigial structures are remnants, and 'convergent structures' is not standard terminology. https://www.britannica.com/science/analogy-biology
In plant water relations, water potential (?) equals the sum of solute (?s) and pressure potentials (?p). If ?s = -0.5 MPa and ?p = +0.2 MPa, what is ??
+0.3 MPa
-0.3 MPa
+0.7 MPa
-0.7 MPa
Water potential (?) = ?s + ?p, so -0.5 MPa + 0.2 MPa = -0.3 MPa. Negative values indicate water tends to move into that region. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acid-base/botanics/a/water-potential
During PCR, what is the purpose of the annealing step?
Cool reaction to stop polymerase
Extend new DNA strands
Denature DNA strands
Allow primers to bind target DNA
The annealing step cools the reaction to allow primers to hybridize to complementary sequences on the DNA template. Denaturation melts DNA strands; extension is when DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands; cooling stops enzyme activity. https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/PCR
Mitochondrial DNA is typically inherited through which parent in most animals?
Paternal grandfather
Father
Mother
Both parents equally
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally because the egg contributes the bulk of cytoplasm (and mitochondria) to the zygote. Sperm mitochondria are usually degraded after fertilization. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4986002/
Which horizontal gene transfer mechanism involves direct cell-to-cell contact between bacteria?
Transduction
Transformation
Transposition
Conjugation
Conjugation requires direct contact via a pilus to transfer plasmid DNA between bacteria. Transformation is uptake of free DNA, transduction is phage-mediated transfer, and transposition involves moving DNA within a genome. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/heredity/genome/e/transduction-transformation-and-conjugation
Which DNA repair process corrects mismatches that escape proofreading during replication?
Base excision repair
Homologous recombination
Mismatch repair
Nucleotide excision repair
Mismatch repair enzymes recognize and remove base-pairing errors from replication, then DNA polymerase fills the gap. Base and nucleotide excision repair remove specific damaged bases or helix-distorting lesions. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26895/
In Sanger sequencing, which dideoxynucleotide property causes chain termination?
Modified base
Lack of 3' hydroxyl group
Extra phosphate group
Extra 2' hydroxyl group
Dideoxynucleotides lack the 3' hydroxyl group necessary for phosphodiester bond formation, leading to termination of DNA synthesis when incorporated. Normal nucleotides allow chain extension. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Sanger-Sequencing
Which plant hormone promotes stem elongation, seed germination, and fruit development?
Ethylene
Abscisic acid
Auxin
Gibberellin
Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, trigger seed germination by breaking dormancy, and influence fruit development. Auxin also promotes growth but primarily in phototropism and apical dominance, abscisic acid induces dormancy, and ethylene promotes ripening. https://www.britannica.com/science/gibberellin
What is the approximate P/O ratio for NADH oxidation in oxidative phosphorylation?
1.5 ATP per NADH
2.5 ATP per NADH
4.0 ATP per NADH
3.0 ATP per NADH
Empirical measurements show that oxidation of one NADH yields approximately 2.5 ATP molecules via the chemiosmotic mechanism. The older textbook value of 3.0 is revised to ~2.5. FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22430/
In allosteric regulation, which of the following describes an allosteric inhibitor?
Covalently modifies the active site permanently
Increases Vmax without affecting Km
Competes with substrate at the active site
Binds at a site other than the active site, reducing enzyme activity
Allosteric inhibitors bind to sites distinct from the active site (allosteric sites), inducing conformational changes that decrease enzyme activity. Competitive inhibitors bind active sites, covalent modifications are irreversible, and allosteric activators, not inhibitors, may increase Vmax. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/enzyme-regulation
Which signaling pathway involves receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) leading to MAP kinase cascade activation?
TGF-? signaling
Toll-like receptor signaling
GABA receptor signaling
Growth factor signaling
Growth factors bind RTKs, causing dimerization and autophosphorylation, which then recruit adaptor proteins activating the Ras-MAP kinase cascade, regulating proliferation and differentiation. Toll-like and GABA receptors are different classes, and TGF-? uses serine/threonine kinases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26875/
Pleiotropy refers to:
Genes exchanging DNA segments
One gene affecting multiple phenotypic traits
Alleles segregating independently
Multiple genes affecting one trait
Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits due to the gene's product being involved in diverse processes. Polygenic inheritance is multiple genes to one trait. https://www.britannica.com/science/pleiotropy
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Study Outcomes

  1. Understand cellular processes -

    Explain the steps of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and their roles in energy transfer within cells.

  2. Analyze genetic inheritance -

    Use Punnett squares and probability to predict genotype and phenotype ratios in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

  3. Apply ecological principles -

    Interpret ecosystems' energy flow and population dynamics to address conservation and environmental issues.

  4. Interpret experimental data -

    Evaluate graphs and experimental results to draw conclusions about molecular biology and lab techniques.

  5. Evaluate evolutionary relationships -

    Construct and interpret phylogenetic trees to trace common ancestry and evolutionary patterns.

  6. Assess exam readiness -

    Identify strengths and focus areas to tailor your AP Biology final exam review strategy effectively.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Energy Conversion: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration -

    Review the overall equations C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~30 ATP for respiration and 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 for photosynthesis. Remember the mnemonic "LEO the lion says GER" (Lose Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction) to track redox in the electron transport chain. Understanding these pathways is crucial for your ap biology final review and explains how energy flows through ecosystems.

  2. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium -

    Memorize the equations p² + 2pq + q² = 1 and p + q = 1 to calculate allele and genotype frequencies in a population. Use the phrase "Five McDonalds Can't Stand Fries" (No mutation, random Mating, no gene Flow, large pop Size, no Natural selection) to recall equilibrium conditions. Mastering this concept helps you analyze evolutionary forces on your ap bio final review.

  3. Cell Cycle and Division Checkpoints -

    Learn the key phases G1, S, G2, and M, and use "PMAT" to sequence Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Focus on the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints regulated by cyclins and CDKs - mechanisms highlighted by the National Cancer Institute. A firm grasp of mitosis versus meiosis ensures confidence on the genetics and cell-cycle section of your ap biology final exam.

  4. Genetic Information Flow: DNA to Protein -

    Review how DNA polymerases synthesize new strands 5′→3′ with Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand and how RNA polymerase transcribes genes. Remember "RNA stays in the Cytosol" to differentiate transcription (nucleus) from translation (cytosol), and practice codon - anticodon pairing with a sample mRNA sequence. This knowledge is foundational for molecular genetics questions on your ap bio final review quiz.

  5. Ecological Principles: Energy Flow and Trophic Levels -

    Apply the 10% rule to calculate energy transfer between trophic levels, using the example that only about 10% of energy at one level is available to the next. Review primary/secondary succession, carrying capacity (K), and r/K selection strategies from sources like the EPA and major university ecology departments. Being fluent in these ecological models is essential for the ecology section of your ap biology final exam review.

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