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Quizzes > Science > Biology

Ready to Ace Biology 101? Take the Chapters 4 & 5 Quiz Now!

Think you know cell biology and genetics? Start this free biology chapter 4 quiz and chapter 5 practice test!

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art collage of cells dna strands helices and genetics on sky blue background free Biology 101 quiz chapters 4 and 5

Are you ready to ace your biology milestone? Dive into our Ultimate Biology 101 quiz for Chapters 4 & 5, designed to sharpen your understanding of cell biology and genetics. This free biology practice test lets you tackle a focused Biology chapter 4 quiz and challenge yourself with a Chapter 5 biology exam that covers gene expression and inheritance patterns. If you thrive on interactive tools, don't miss our engaging biology review quiz for extra reinforcement or explore an advanced unit 4 ap biology mcq for AP-style prep. Perfect for students craving a thorough biology flashcards quiz, this test boosts confidence and retention. Ready to prove your mastery? Start now and see where you stand!

Which structure is present in all living cells and serves as a barrier controlling substance entry and exit?
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer present in all cells that regulates material transport in and out. It maintains homeostasis by selective permeability and is described by the fluid mosaic model. Organelles like nuclei and mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes, not in all living cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane
Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. They have their own DNA and double membrane structure suited for energy conversion. Lysosomes degrade material, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis in plants. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation
What is the basic unit of life according to cell theory?
Organelle
Cell
Molecule
Tissue
Cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life in all organisms. Cells can be unicellular or form complex multicellular structures. Molecules and organelles are subcellular, and tissues are groups of cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theory
Which of the following processes occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells?
Glycolysis
Beta-oxidation
Photosynthesis
Protein synthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, converting light energy into chemical energy stored as glucose. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and protein synthesis at ribosomes. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in mitochondria peroxisomes. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis
Which molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
mRNA
tRNA
snRNA
rRNA
mRNA (messenger RNA) is transcribed from DNA and transports the genetic code to ribosomes for translation. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, rRNA is part of ribosomal structure, and snRNA functions in mRNA splicing in the nucleus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Anaphase is the stage where sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers toward opposite poles. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and in telophase nuclear membranes reform. Prophase involves chromosome condensation. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-cycle/mitosis
What is the name of the process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient?
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Active transport
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to low. Active transport requires energy and moves solutes, not water, against gradients. Facilitated diffusion moves solutes via transporters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis
Which of the following is a purine base found in DNA?
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
Cytosine
Adenine is a purine with a two-ring structure; guanine is the other purine. Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines with single rings. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA. https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna-structure-and-replication/a/dna-structure-and-bonding
In Mendel's pea experiments, what phenotype ratio did he observe in the F2 generation for a single trait cross?
9:3:3:1
2:1 lethal to viable
3:1 dominant to recessive
1:1 dominant to recessive
In a monohybrid cross, Mendel observed a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in F2 progeny. The 9:3:3:1 ratio applies to a dihybrid cross. A 1:1 ratio appears in test crosses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?
G2 phase
M phase
S phase
G1 phase
The S (synthesis) phase is when DNA is replicated to ensure sister chromatids form before mitosis. G1 is cell growth, G2 is preparation for mitosis, and M phase is mitosis/cytokinesis. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-cycle
Which process describes the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without energy input?
Diffusion
Active transport
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis
Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy. Active transport requires ATP, and endocytosis/phagocytosis involve vesicle formation to engulf particles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion
What term describes two identical alleles for a given gene in an organism?
Heterozygous
Hemizygote
Hemizygous
Homozygous
Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles at a gene locus. Heterozygous means two different alleles. Hemizygous refers to only one allele present such as in male X-linked genes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homozygosity_and_heterozygosity
Which cellular structure synthesizes proteins by reading mRNA?
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Ribosomes translate mRNA sequences into polypeptides by matching codons with tRNA anticodons. The nucleolus assembles ribosomal subunits, the ER processes proteins, and the Golgi modifies and ships them. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome
Which of these processes occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondrial ATP synthesis
Spliceosome-mediated splicing
DNA replication
Nuclear envelope breakdown
In prokaryotes, DNA replication and protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm because they lack a nucleus. Spliceosomes and mitochondrial functions exist only in eukaryotes. There is no nuclear envelope in prokaryotes. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/heredity/prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/a/prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes
Which phase of meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid?
S phase
Mitosis
Meiosis II
Meiosis I
Meiosis I is the reductional division where homologous chromosomes separate, halving the chromosome number. Meiosis II resembles mitosis, separating sister chromatids. S phase duplicates DNA prior to division. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-division/meiosis/a/phases-of-meiosis
During translation, which site of the ribosome holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?
E site
D site
P site
A site
The P (peptidyl) site holds the tRNA with the nascent polypeptide. The A (aminoacyl) site accepts incoming charged tRNAs, and the E (exit) site releases empty tRNAs. There is no D site. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_translation#Elongation
Which transport mechanism requires energy to move ions or molecules against their concentration gradient?
Facilitated diffusion
Passive diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
Active transport uses ATP or another energy source to move substances across membranes against gradients through pumps. Passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion do not require energy. Osmosis is the passive movement of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport
What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
Unwinds the DNA helix
Synthesizes new DNA strands
Seals Okazaki fragments
Adds RNA primers
DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand. Helicase unwinds DNA, primase adds RNA primers, and ligase seals Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/dna-replication
Which of the following best describes an operon in prokaryotes?
A single gene with multiple promoters
A ribosomal RNA sequence
An intron-exon unit
A cluster of genes under common regulation
An operon is a functional unit of DNA containing multiple genes transcribed together under one promoter and regulated by an operator. Introns/exons and rRNA are eukaryotic or structural components. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operon
In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes (AaBb x AaBb), what phenotypic ratio is expected in offspring assuming independent assortment?
2:1:1
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1
3:1
A dihybrid cross of two double heterozygotes yields a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes due to independent segregation of two traits. The 3:1 ratio applies to monohybrid crosses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid_cross
Which cell cycle checkpoint ensures that DNA damage is repaired before replication?
Restriction point
G2/M checkpoint
G1/S checkpoint
Spindle assembly checkpoint
The G1/S checkpoint, also called the restriction point, assesses DNA integrity before entering S phase. The G2/M checkpoint checks replication completeness. The spindle checkpoint monitors chromosome attachment to the spindle. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-cycle-checkpoints-dna-damage-14047002/
What term describes the physical location of a gene on a chromosome?
Genome
Locus
Karyotype
Allele
A locus is the specific position of a gene on a chromosome. An allele is a variant form of that gene. A genome is the full complement of genes, and a karyotype is the chromosome set. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)
Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?
Energy-driven transport of solutes up their gradient
Passive movement of water
Movement of solutes through a channel protein down their gradient
Endocytosis of large particles
Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins like channels or carriers for passive transport of solutes down gradients without energy. Active transport moves solutes against gradients with energy. Osmosis is water movement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated_diffusion
What is the primary function of centrioles in animal cells during mitosis?
Synthesize proteins
Form the spindle apparatus
Break down microtubules
Replicate DNA
Centrioles help organize microtubules into the mitotic spindle to segregate chromosomes. They duplicate during S phase and move to poles in prophase. They do not synthesize proteins or replicate DNA. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole
Which enzyme removes RNA primers during DNA replication and replaces them with DNA nucleotides in prokaryotes?
DNA polymerase I
Primase
DNA polymerase III
DNA ligase
In prokaryotes DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and fills gaps with DNA. DNA polymerase III performs bulk DNA synthesis. Ligase seals remaining nicks, and primase lays down RNA primers. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/dna-replication
In genetics, what describes a trait influenced by multiple genes?
Polygenic
Pleiotropic
Epistatic
Monogenic
Polygenic traits arise from the combined effect of multiple genes, such as height. Pleiotropy is one gene affecting multiple traits. Epistasis is interaction between genes. Monogenic involves a single gene. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenic_inheritance
Which type of bond connects complementary bases in the DNA double helix?
Peptide bond
Glycosidic bond
Phosphodiester bond
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonds stabilize complementary base pairing (A - T via two bonds, G - C via three). Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides in the backbone. Glycosidic bonds link base to sugar, and peptide bonds join amino acids. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_structure
What is epistasis in genetic interactions?
Genes are located on the same chromosome
Two alleles of one gene interact
A single gene affects multiple traits
One gene masks the effect of another
Epistasis occurs when one gene's allele masks or modifies the expression of another gene at a different locus. Pleiotropy is one gene affecting multiple traits. Allelic interactions occur within the same gene locus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis
Which mechanism increases genetic diversity by exchanging segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
Polymerase slipping
Nondisjunction
Crossing over
Independent assortment
Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis swaps DNA segments between homologous chromosomes, creating new allele combinations. Independent assortment shuffles whole chromosomes. Nondisjunction is failed separation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_over
Which gene regulation mechanism involves methylation of DNA to silence gene expression?
Transcription factor binding
DNA methylation
RNA interference
Histone acetylation
DNA methylation adds methyl groups to cytosine residues, often silencing gene transcription by altering chromatin structure. Histone acetylation generally activates genes. RNA interference degrades mRNA, and transcription factors bind promoters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation
Which of the following best describes a constitutive gene?
Continuously expressed at a constant level
Expressed only in specific tissues
Expressed only during development
Expressed only in response to a signal
Constitutive genes (housekeeping genes) are expressed continuously to maintain basic cellular functions. Regulated genes respond to stimuli, development, or tissue specificity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeping_gene
In Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium, if allele p frequency is 0.7 and q is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes?
0.42
0.21
0.09
0.49
Heterozygote frequency is 2pq, so 2 × 0.7 × 0.3 = 0.42. p² = 0.49 (homozygous dominant), q² = 0.09 (homozygous recessive). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle
Which type of RNA modification adds a 5' cap and poly-A tail to mRNA in eukaryotes?
capping and polyadenylation
RNA interference
Spliceosome action
RNA editing
Pre-mRNA in eukaryotes receives a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail during processing. Spliceosomes remove introns. RNA editing changes individual bases, and RNA interference degrades mRNA. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA#Processing
Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape and resisting tension?
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Centrosomes
Intermediate filaments provide structural support and mechanical strength, maintaining cell shape. Microfilaments (actin) support movement and microtubules support transport and cell division. Centrosomes organize microtubules. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/cytoskeleton/a/cytoskeleton
Which genetic phenomenon involves unequal crossing over leading to duplication or deletion of genomic segments?
Translocation
Homologous recombination
Inversion
Nonallelic homologous recombination
Nonallelic homologous recombination between repetitive sequences can cause unequal crossing over, resulting in segmental duplications or deletions. Translocations and inversions rearrange segments without copy number change. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839589/
Which organelle network is continuous with the nuclear envelope and involved in lipid synthesis?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances. The rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis. The Golgi modifies and ships molecules, and lysosomes degrade waste. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum
Which genetic tool allows targeted editing of specific genomic sequences using an RNA-guided nuclease?
TALENs
RNAi
CRISPR-Cas9
Zinc finger nucleases
CRISPR-Cas9 uses an RNA guide to target Cas9 nuclease to specific DNA sequences for editing. Zinc finger nucleases and TALENs also edit genomes but use protein-DNA recognition. RNAi silences gene expression. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR
During DNA replication, what relieves the tension caused by unwinding the helix ahead of the replication fork?
Primase
Topoisomerase
Helicase
DNA ligase
Topoisomerase cuts and re-ligates DNA to relieve supercoiling tension created by helicase unwinding. Helicase separates strands, primase lays primers, and ligase joins fragments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase
Which statistical test is commonly used to determine if a population is in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?
Fisher's exact test
t-test
Chi-square test
ANOVA
The chi-square test compares observed and expected genotype frequencies to assess Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium. A significant result suggests deviation. t-tests compare means, ANOVA compares group means, and Fisher's exact test is for small categorical datasets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle#Chi-square_test
Which epigenetic modification involves covalent addition of acetyl groups to histone tails, generally associated with transcriptional activation?
Phosphorylation of RNA polymerase
Ubiquitination of histones
Histone acetylation
Methylation of DNA
Histone acetylation by histone acetyltransferases neutralizes positive charges on histones, loosening chromatin and promoting transcription. DNA methylation typically silences genes. Ubiquitination can signal for degradation or regulation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetylation
Which protein complex monitors kinetochore attachment and delays anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly bi-oriented?
Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome
Origin recognition complex
Cyclin B-Cdk1
Spindle assembly checkpoint complex
The spindle assembly checkpoint complex detects unattached or misattached kinetochores and inhibits the APC/C to delay anaphase. APC/C targets securin and cyclins for degradation. Cyclin B-Cdk1 drives mitosis entry, and ORC is involved in replication initiation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint
In prokaryotic gene regulation, which molecule binds to the operator to prevent transcription when tryptophan levels are high?
CAP-cAMP complex
RNA polymerase
Tryptophan repressor
Lac repressor
The tryptophan repressor binds tryptophan and then the operator of the trp operon to block RNA polymerase when tryptophan is abundant. CAP-cAMP activates the lac operon. Lac repressor regulates lactose genes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_operon
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Study Outcomes

  1. Identify Cellular Components -

    Recognize and describe the key structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their functions as covered in Chapter 4 of the Biology 101 quiz.

  2. Compare Membrane Transport Mechanisms -

    Differentiate between passive and active transport processes, including diffusion and osmosis, within the context of free biology practice test scenarios.

  3. Apply Genetic Principles -

    Use Mendelian genetics to solve inheritance problems, illustrating dominance, segregation, and independent assortment in Chapter 5 biology exam questions.

  4. Predict Inheritance Patterns -

    Construct and interpret Punnett squares to forecast genotype and phenotype ratios in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

  5. Analyze Genetic Cross Results -

    Evaluate experimental outcomes against expected ratios, strengthening your performance in the Biology chapter 4 quiz and Chapter 5 biology exam sections.

  6. Reinforce Core Concepts -

    Review and self-test using targeted questions similar to a biology flashcards quiz to build confidence for Biology 101 quiz success.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane -

    The fluid mosaic model describes a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrate markers that give cells selective permeability. Use the mnemonic "FLUID PROTECTS" (Phospholipids, Lipids, Unsaturated tails, Integral proteins, Diversity, Peripheral proteins) to recall key components. You'll see this foundational concept in any Biology 101 quiz or biology chapter 4 quiz question on membrane transport.

  2. Organelle Functions & Collaboration -

    Each organelle - from mitochondria producing ATP via the formula C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O to ribosomes synthesizing proteins - works in concert to maintain cell health. Remember "MR. C GEL VS" (Mitochondria, Ribosome, Chloroplast, Golgi, Endoplasmic reticulum, Lysosome, Vacuole, Cytoskeleton) to cover major players. Mastering this list strengthens your performance on free biology practice test sections about cell structure.

  3. Diffusion vs. Osmosis Principles -

    Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while osmosis refers specifically to water movement across a semipermeable membrane. A quick trick: "DOSE" (Diffusion Out, Solvent Enters) helps you recall that solvents like water follow solutes to balance concentrations. This comparison often appears in biology flashcards quiz items to test your understanding of passive transport.

  4. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance -

    Gregor Mendel's Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and the Law of Independent Assortment explains how different gene pairs segregate independently (unless linked). Picture two coin flips to remember independent events - this analogy helps in both Chapter 5 biology exam practice and real-life genetic crosses. Questions on a Chapter 5 biology exam often hinge on applying these laws to monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

  5. Punnett Squares & Genetic Probability -

    Punnett squares visualize potential genotype ratios, with monohybrid crosses yielding a 3:1 phenotype ratio and dihybrid crosses typically giving a 9:3:3:1 ratio under independent assortment. When tackling the Biology 101 quiz, sketching a 2×2 or 4×4 grid builds confidence in predicting offspring. Practice several examples using capital/recessive letters (e.g., Aa × Aa) to ace your free practice sections.

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