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Quizzes > Health & Medicine > Psychology & Mental Health

AP Psychology Quiz: Consciousness, Drugs & REM Rebound

Ready to master psychoactive drugs ap psychology definition and REM rebound? Start the test now!

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art brain with swirling clouds moons stars pills on golden yellow symbolizes consciousness drugs quiz

Are you ready to master rem rebound ap psychology in this free AP Psychology quiz? The Master REM Rebound: AP Psychology Drugs & Consciousness Quiz is designed to challenge your knowledge of REM rebound, dreaming, psychoactive drugs ap psychology definition, addiction patterns and more. Whether you're reviewing ap psych drugs terminology or delving into how ap psychology drugs shape consciousness, you'll fine-tune your understanding and boost your confidence. Explore our states of consciousness guide, then head to the chapter 4 quiz consciousness for extra practice. Dive in now - test yourself and conquer drugs ap psychology concepts!

What is REM rebound?
An increase in REM sleep after REM sleep deprivation
A decrease in REM sleep following stimulant use
No change in REM sleep despite sleep deprivation
Complete elimination of REM sleep during the night
REM rebound refers to the phenomenon where REM sleep increases following a period of REM sleep deprivation. Researchers have observed that after being deprived of REM sleep, individuals enter REM more quickly and spend more time in it, indicating a homeostatic regulation of REM. This rebound effect highlights the functional importance of REM sleep. Source
During which sleep stage do most vivid dreams occur?
Stage N1
Stage N3
REM sleep
Stage N2
Most vivid, story?like dreams occur during REM sleep when brain activity resembles wakefulness. During REM, rapid eye movements and a paralyzed body state coincide with intense dreaming. Studies show that awakenings from REM produce dream reports about 80% of the time. Source
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is primarily involved in regulating:
Dream content
Circadian rhythms
Hunger signals
Memory consolidation
The SCN, located in the hypothalamus, serves as the master clock for circadian rhythms. It receives light information from the retina to synchronize physiological cycles with the day–night cycle. This regulation influences sleep–wake patterns, hormone release, and other daily biological rhythms. Source
What brain wave patterns are characteristic of deep sleep (slow-wave sleep)?
Beta waves
Delta waves
Theta waves
Alpha waves
Deep sleep, or slow-wave sleep, is characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves on an EEG. These waves indicate synchronized neuronal firing and are associated with restorative processes. Delta activity predominates in stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep. Source
Which neurotransmitter is most directly linked to arousal and wakefulness?
GABA
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine, released by neurons in the locus coeruleus, promotes arousal and vigilance. Its activity increases during wakefulness and decreases during sleep, particularly REM sleep. Dysregulation of norepinephrine is implicated in attention and mood disorders. Source
A psychoactive drug that reduces neural activity and slows body functions is called a:
Stimulant
Depressant
Hallucinogen
Opiate
Depressants slow down central nervous system activity, reducing neural firing and bodily functions. Examples include alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. They can induce relaxation, sedation, and in high doses, anesthesia. Source
Caffeine is classified as a:
Stimulant
Depressant
Hallucinogen
Opiate
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors, preventing drowsiness. It increases alertness and can improve concentration. Regular use can lead to tolerance and withdrawal headaches if intake is suddenly stopped. Source
Tolerance refers to:
Increased sensitivity to a drug’s effect
Decreased responsiveness requiring higher doses
Cross-dependence with other substances
An immediate rebound effect after cessation
Tolerance occurs when repeated drug use reduces its effects, leading the user to require larger doses to achieve the same response. It can be metabolic or cellular (pharmacodynamic). Tolerance plays a key role in the cycle of addiction. Source
Withdrawal symptoms occur when:
The drug’s tolerance keeps increasing
A dependent user stops taking the drug
Drug levels remain constant
New substances are introduced
Withdrawal symptoms emerge when a person who has developed physical dependence stops using a drug. The body’s adapted homeostasis is disrupted, causing physiological and psychological distress. Withdrawal can be mild or life-threatening, depending on the substance. Source
Which theory suggests that dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity?
Freudian wish-fulfillment theory
Activation-synthesis theory
Information-processing theory
Physiological adaptation theory
The activation-synthesis model, proposed by Hobson and McCarley, posits that dreams result from the cortex interpreting random signals from the brainstem. It argues dreams have no intrinsic meaning but are the brain’s attempt to make sense of neural firing. This contrasts with Freudian symbolic interpretations. Source
Freud’s theory of dreams emphasized:
Manifest content only
Latent content as hidden meaning
Circadian content cycles
Activation patterns
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory held that dreams have two layers: manifest content (the literal storyline) and latent content (the hidden psychological meaning). He believed latent content reflects unconscious desires and conflicts. This view has influenced dream interpretation but lacks empirical support. Source
Which stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes?
Stage N1
Stage N2
Stage N3
REM sleep
Stage N2 of non-REM sleep is identified by sleep spindles (brief bursts of rapid brain activity) and K-complexes (large waves). It represents light sleep and accounts for about 50% of total sleep in adults. N2 is crucial for memory consolidation. Source
REM rebound is most likely after:
Use of a depressant
REM sleep deprivation
Extended afternoon naps
Complete sleep hygiene
REM rebound occurs when an individual is deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep normally, leading to increased REM duration. Deprivation can be due to stimulants or experimental awakenings during REM. This phenomenon underscores REM’s homeostatic drive. Source
During hypnosis, individuals typically become:
Completely unconscious
Hyper-suggestible
Stuck in REM sleep
Physically paralyzed
Hypnosis induces a state of focused attention and increased suggestibility, but not unconsciousness. While under hypnosis, people are more open to direction and suggestion, which can be used therapeutically. Brain imaging shows altered activity in attention networks. Source
The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives direct photic input from the:
Thalamus
Retina
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
The SCN receives light information via the retinohypothalamic tract, which connects the retina to hypothalamic neurons. This input allows the SCN to align endogenous circadian rhythms with the external light-dark cycle. Proper functioning is essential for sleep timing. Source
The pineal gland secretes which hormone to regulate sleep?
Cortisol
Melatonin
Dopamine
GABA
Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, helps regulate circadian rhythms and promotes sleep onset. Its secretion increases in darkness and is inhibited by light. People sometimes use melatonin supplements to adjust to jet lag or shift work. Source
Which drug class includes LSD?
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
Depressants
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucinogen that alters perception, mood, and thought processes. It acts primarily as a serotonin 2A receptor agonist, leading to sensory distortions and visual hallucinations. Hallucinogens differ from stimulants and depressants in their action on consciousness. Source
Morphine and heroin are examples of which category of psychoactive drugs?
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
Depressants
Morphine and heroin are opiates derived from the opium poppy. They bind to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, producing analgesia and euphoria. Opiates have high addiction potential due to their reinforcing effects. Source
Nicotine increases levels of which neurotransmitter in reward pathways?
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Nicotine stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, indirectly enhancing dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This dopaminergic surge underlies the reinforcing and addictive properties of tobacco. Chronic exposure leads to receptor adaptations. Source
Which brain region plays a key role in the reward pathway for addictive drugs?
Hippocampus
Nucleus accumbens
Medulla
Cerebellum
The nucleus accumbens is central to the mesolimbic dopamine system and mediates feelings of pleasure and reward. Addictive substances stimulate dopamine release here, reinforcing drug-taking behavior. It interacts with the ventral tegmental area and prefrontal cortex. Source
Cross-tolerance occurs when:
One drug’s tolerance confers tolerance to another similar drug
Tolerance increases for only one drug
Withdrawal symptoms overlap
Drugs interact unpredictably
Cross-tolerance happens when tolerance to one drug reduces sensitivity to another drug, usually within the same class. For example, someone tolerant to alcohol may show reduced effects with barbiturates. This reflects shared mechanisms at receptor or metabolic levels. Source
Alcohol’s disinhibiting effects at low doses are due to enhanced activity of which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
GABA
Glutamate
Alcohol acts as a CNS depressant by enhancing GABA_A receptor-mediated inhibition. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, and its potentiation leads to reduced anxiety and disinhibition. Alcohol also inhibits excitatory glutamate receptors. Source
Sleep apnea is characterized by:
Inability to fall asleep
Periodic cessation of breathing
Bedwetting
Frequent nightmares
Sleep apnea involves repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, leading to reduced oxygen and fragmented sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is due to airway collapse, while central apnea involves a lack of respiratory drive. It can cause daytime fatigue and cardiovascular issues. Source
Narcolepsy is associated with a deficiency of which neuropeptide?
Melatonin
Orexin (hypocretin)
Serotonin
GABA
Narcolepsy is linked to low levels of orexin (also called hypocretin), a hypothalamic neuropeptide that stabilizes wakefulness. Loss of orexin-producing cells leads to excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Treatments often target wake-promoting systems. Source
The activation-synthesis model primarily explains dreams as arising from:
Emotional problem solving
Random neural firing interpreted by cortex
Unconscious wish fulfillment
Cognitive stage maturation
The activation-synthesis model posits that dreams originate from spontaneous neural activity in the brainstem during REM, which the cortex then synthesizes into a narrative. It suggests dreams have no inherent meaning beyond neural noise interpretation. This contrasts with symbolic or adaptive theories. Source
Improved recall of material when tested under the influence of the same drug is known as:
Context-dependent memory
State-dependent memory
Transfer-appropriate processing
Retrograde facilitation
State-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where information learned in a particular physiological state (e.g., under a drug) is more easily recalled when in that same state. It highlights the role of internal cues in memory retrieval. Source
REM intrusion into wakefulness (e.g., sleep paralysis) is characteristic of:
Sleep apnea
Sleepwalking
Narcolepsy
Night terrors
Narcolepsy involves dysregulated REM sleep, causing REM features like muscle paralysis or vivid dreams to intrude into wakefulness (sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations). This reflects abnormal control of sleep–wake boundaries. Source
Physical dependence differs from psychological dependence in that it always involves:
Emotional craving
Tolerance without withdrawal
Withdrawal symptoms upon cessation
Hallucinogenic effects
Physical dependence is defined by the presence of withdrawal symptoms when drug use stops, reflecting physiological adaptation. Psychological dependence involves emotional or mental cravings without necessarily having withdrawal. Both can co-occur in addiction. Source
Benzodiazepines primarily act by:
Blocking NMDA receptors
Enhancing GABA_A receptor activity
Inhibiting dopamine reuptake
Increasing serotonin release
Benzodiazepines bind to GABA_A receptors and increase the frequency of chloride channel opening, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission. This produces anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant effects. Tolerance and dependence can develop with long-term use. Source
The circadian rhythm of sleep–wake cycles is primarily entrained by:
Ambient temperature
Social interactions
Light exposure
Dietary intake
Light is the strongest zeitgeber (time cue) for circadian entrainment, detected by retinal ganglion cells and communicated to the SCN. Light exposure adjusts the internal clock to align with environmental day–night cycles. Artificial light influences sleep timing and quality. Source
REM sleep behavior disorder is characterized by:
Sleepwalking during slow-wave sleep
Acting out dreams due to failed paralysis
Night terrors in childhood
Complete muscle atonia outside REM
In REM sleep behavior disorder, the normal muscle paralysis during REM is lost, allowing individuals to physically act out their dreams, sometimes violently. It can precede neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s disease. Polysomnography confirms muscle activity during REM. Source
Which brainstem structure is critical for initiating REM sleep?
Thalamus
Pons
Medulla
Hypothalamus
The pons contains REM-on neurons that trigger REM sleep and send signals inhibiting motor neurons, causing muscle atonia. Lesions in this area can abolish REM or lead to REM behavior disorder. The pons also influences dreaming via cortical activation. Source
Which sleep disorder involves initiating complex behaviors during deep non-REM sleep?
Narcolepsy
Sleepwalking
REM sleep behavior disorder
Insomnia
Sleepwalking (somnambulism) occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stages 3–4), leading to complex motor behaviors with little or no dream recall. It often happens early in the night and can be precipitated by sleep deprivation or stress. Source
Chronic use of a drug leading to receptor downregulation exemplifies:
Sensitization
Tolerance
Cross-tolerance
Priming
Tolerance often involves pharmacodynamic adaptations like receptor downregulation, where cells reduce receptor numbers or responsiveness due to chronic overstimulation by a drug. This decreases drug effect, requiring higher doses. Source
LSD primarily exerts its hallucinogenic effects by agonizing which receptor?
Dopamine D2 receptor
GABA_A receptor
Serotonin 2A receptor
NMDA receptor
LSD acts as a potent agonist at the 5-HT2A (serotonin 2A) receptor, especially in cortical regions. Activation of these receptors alters sensory perception and cognition, leading to visual hallucinations and altered consciousness. This receptor is central to hallucinogenic mechanisms. Source
Research shows that REM sleep deprivation worsens cataplexy in narcoleptics due to a deficiency of:
Serotonin
Hypocretin (orexin)
Dopamine
GABA
Narcolepsy with cataplexy is linked to loss of orexin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus. Orexin stabilizes wakefulness and muscle tone; its deficiency leads to REM intrusions and cataplexy. REM deprivation exacerbates the instability in REM regulation. Source
The flip-flop switch model of sleep-wake regulation involves mutual inhibition between:
Amygdala and hippocampus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus and pineal gland
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and arousal centers
Pons and medulla
The flip-flop switch model describes a bistable circuit where the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) inhibits arousal centers (e.g., locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei) to induce sleep, while arousal centers inhibit the VLPO to promote wakefulness. This mutual inhibition allows rapid transitions between states. Source
In the two-process model of sleep regulation, Process S refers to:
Circadian rhythm control
Homeostatic sleep drive
REM pressure
Dream intensity
Process S represents the homeostatic sleep drive that builds up the longer one stays awake, reflecting sleep pressure via adenosine accumulation. Process C refers to the circadian component. Their interaction determines sleep timing and quality. Source
Tolerance to hallucinogens like LSD is distinguished by rapid cross-tolerance due to:
Upregulation of dopamine receptors
Downregulation of serotonin 2A receptors
Metabolic enzyme induction
Altered GABA receptor sensitivity
Hallucinogen tolerance, particularly to LSD, develops rapidly and exhibits cross-tolerance among serotonergic psychedelics. This is due to downregulation and desensitization of 5-HT2A receptors after repeated exposure, unlike many drugs that cause receptor upregulation. Source
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Study Outcomes

  1. Understand REM Rebound Mechanisms -

    Grasp the concept of rem rebound ap psychology and explain how sleep deprivation influences subsequent rapid eye movement sleep patterns.

  2. Apply Sleep Phenomena Concepts -

    Use knowledge of dreaming stages and related sleep phenomena to interpret scenarios involving altered sleep cycles and dream recall.

  3. Define Psychoactive Drugs in AP Psychology -

    Recall the psychoactive drugs ap psychology definition and distinguish how these substances affect perception, mood, and behavior.

  4. Compare Categories of AP Psych Drugs -

    Contrast stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and other ap psych drugs by their mechanisms of action and typical uses.

  5. Analyze Effects of Drugs on Consciousness -

    Examine how various drugs ap psychology alter states of consciousness, including cognitive function, emotional regulation, and sensory perception.

  6. Evaluate Addiction and Tolerance Processes -

    Assess the physiological and psychological factors that contribute to dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal in drug use contexts.

Cheat Sheet

  1. REM Rebound Phenomenon -

    In rem rebound AP Psychology studies, REM rebound occurs when the brain compensates for prior REM sleep deprivation by increasing REM duration - often 20 - 50% more - on subsequent nights (National Sleep Foundation). This spike illustrates REM's crucial role in memory consolidation and emotional regulation, so missing sleep can disrupt learning. A handy mnemonic is "REMount your sleep" to recall how REM overshoots after loss.

  2. Understanding Psychoactive Drugs AP Psychology Definition -

    AP Psych drugs are classified into depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens based on their central nervous system effects (American Psychological Association). Remember "DHS" to sort drugs and their primary actions: depressants slow you down, hallucinogens distort perceptions, and stimulants speed you up. Examples include alcohol (depressant), cocaine (stimulant), and LSD (hallucinogen).

  3. Drug Tolerance and Withdrawal -

    Tolerance means needing higher doses to achieve the same effect, while withdrawal covers the adverse symptoms when the substance is removed (National Institute on Drug Abuse). For instance, benzodiazepine tolerance often leads to severe anxiety and tremors during withdrawal. A simple mnemonic trick is "TRAP" (Tolerance Rises, Adverse Phase) to remember how use escalates and side effects emerge.

  4. Neurotransmitter Mechanisms in Drug Action -

    Psychoactive drugs function as agonists or antagonists by modulating neurotransmitter activity in pathways like the mesolimbic dopamine system (Journal of Neurochemistry). For example, nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist, while many antipsychotics block dopamine receptors. Use "agonist = adds action, antagonist = aborts action" to recall their roles in neural signaling.

  5. Sleep Stages and Dreaming -

    A full sleep cycle spans N1, N2, N3 (deep sleep), then REM; you cycle 4 - 5 times nightly, with REM periods lengthening (Harvard Medical School). Most vivid dreams occur in REM and are detected by rapid eye movements on an EEG. Use the "BAT-D" mnemonic to remember brainwave order: Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta.

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