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Quizzes > Health & Medicine > Human Anatomy & Medicine

Anatomy and Physiology 2 Exam 1 Quiz: Endocrine System Challenge

Ready for your A&P 2 Exam 1? Dive into endocrine system questions!

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration for Anatomy and Physiology 2 Exam 1 quiz on endocrine system hormone mechanisms on coral background.

Are you gearing up for your anatomy and physiology 2 exam 1? Dive into our comprehensive Anatomy and Physiology 2 Exam 1: Free Endocrine Quiz designed to challenge your grasp of hormone pathways and key feedback loops. Whether you're reviewing for your a&p 2 exam 1 or tackling the anatomy and physiology 2 test 1, this interactive endocrine hormone quiz provides clear explanations and instant feedback to reinforce your learning. Test your knowledge of hormone secretion, feedback mechanisms, and receptor signaling to see if you've mastered the material. Perfect for students and busy professionals, it's a quick way to assess strengths and pinpoint areas for review. Ready to boost your confidence and ace your next exam? Start our essential endocrine hormone quiz and power up your midterm anatomy physiology practice session now!

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?
Sebaceous gland
Salivary gland
Pituitary gland
Sweat gland
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream rather than through ducts. The pituitary gland is known as the 'master gland' because it regulates many other endocrine organs. In contrast, sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands are exocrine and secrete via ducts. Endocrine Society
Protein hormones typically bind to receptors located where?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytosol
Protein hormones are hydrophilic and cannot cross the lipid bilayer, so they bind to transmembrane receptors on the cell membrane. This triggers intracellular second messenger cascades. Steroid and thyroid hormones, by contrast, bind intracellularly. NCBI Bookshelf
What is commonly referred to as the 'master gland' of the endocrine system?
Thyroid gland
Pineal gland
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland controls many other endocrine glands by secreting tropic hormones. It consists of anterior and posterior lobes with different functions. The thyroid and adrenal glands are important but under pituitary regulation. EndocrineWeb
Thyroid hormone molecules primarily contain which essential element?
Iron
Iodine
Calcium
Magnesium
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) incorporate iodine atoms; T4 has four iodines, T3 has three. Adequate dietary iodine is essential to prevent goiter. Other minerals play roles elsewhere but not in thyroid hormone structure. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens
Epinephrine
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine - in response to sympathetic stimulation. The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and sex steroids. Endocrine Society
Which of the following is a steroid hormone?
Glucagon
Prolactin
Insulin
Cortisol
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex. Insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones; prolactin is a protein hormone. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and cross cell membranes. NCBI Bookshelf
Paracrine signaling refers to communication between:
Distant cells via bloodstream
Gland to bloodstream
Same cell
Neighboring cells
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete chemicals that affect nearby target cells. Endocrine signaling involves hormones traveling through the blood to distant targets. Autocrine signals affect the secreting cell itself. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone reduces blood glucose levels?
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Glucagon
Insulin
Insulin, secreted by pancreatic beta cells, promotes glucose uptake and storage as glycogen. Glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine raise blood glucose when it is low. Proper insulin function is key to maintaining euglycemia. NCBI Bookshelf
Glucagon is produced by which type of cell in the pancreas?
Alpha cells
PP cells
Delta cells
Beta cells
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon to raise blood glucose. Beta cells secrete insulin, delta cells secrete somatostatin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The islets of Langerhans contain these four cell types. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone primarily regulates blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
Thyroxine
Calcitonin
PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium but has a minor role in adults. Calcitriol (active vitamin D) also raises calcium through gut absorption. EndocrineWeb
Negative feedback in endocrine systems serves to:
Maintain homeostasis
Amplify hormonal signals
Prevent hormone release
Stimulate autocrine signals
Negative feedback reduces hormone output when levels are sufficient, stabilizing physiological variables. Positive feedback amplifies signals but is less common. Negative feedback loops are fundamental to endocrine regulation. NCBI Bookshelf
Hormone half-life refers to:
Duration of receptor binding
Time to reach peak concentration
Time to be excreted unchanged
Time for half the hormone to be removed from circulation
Half-life measures how quickly a hormone is cleared from the blood. Short half-life hormones require continuous secretion to maintain levels. Steroid hormones typically have longer half-lives than peptide hormones. NCBI Bookshelf
Which thyroid hormone is more biologically active?
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Reverse T3 (rT3)
Thyroglobulin
Thyroxine (T4)
T3 is more potent than T4 and binds thyroid hormone receptors with greater affinity. Most circulating T3 is derived from peripheral conversion of T4. Reverse T3 is inactive. NCBI Bookshelf
The thyroid gland is located:
Superior to the larynx
In the posterior mediastinum
In the neck, anterior to the trachea
Deep to the sternum
The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland lies in the anterior neck below the larynx and wraps around the trachea. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. Location is important for surgical and imaging landmarks. NCBI Bookshelf
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the:
Adrenal cortex
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
ADH (vasopressin) is produced by hypothalamic neurons and transported to the posterior pituitary for release. The posterior pituitary stores but does not synthesize hormones. The anterior pituitary synthesizes its own peptide hormones. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate?
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Parathyroid hormone
Aldosterone
Insulin
T3 stimulates oxygen consumption and heat production in most tissues, raising basal metabolic rate. Insulin regulates glucose uptake, aldosterone controls sodium balance, and PTH controls calcium. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone uses cAMP as a second messenger in its signal transduction?
Aldosterone
Thyroxine
Glucagon
Testosterone
Glucagon binds its receptor and activates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP. Steroid and thyroid hormones act via intracellular receptors. Aldosterone acts via intracellular mineralocorticoid receptors and gene transcription. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone receptor type is found in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus upon ligand binding?
Receptor tyrosine kinase
GPCR
Ion channel receptor
Steroid hormone receptor
Steroid hormone receptors reside in the cytoplasm, bind lipophilic hormones, then move to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription. GPCRs and RTKs are membrane-bound. Ion channel receptors mediate rapid electrical changes. NCBI Bookshelf
Release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary is inhibited by:
Low circulating cortisol
High TRH
High circulating T3 and T4
Low iodine intake
T3 and T4 exert negative feedback on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, reducing TRH and TSH secretion. Low iodine or low thyroid hormone tends to increase TSH. Cortisol influences ACTH, not TSH. NCBI Bookshelf
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ultimately increases blood pressure by:
Increasing heart rate
Promoting sodium and water retention
Stimulating ANP release
Direct vasodilation
RAAS activation leads to aldosterone secretion, enhancing sodium reabsorption in the kidney and water follows, raising blood volume and pressure. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor). NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone is secreted in response to high plasma calcium and acts to lower calcium levels?
Calcitriol
Calcitonin
Thyroxine
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin, produced by thyroid parafollicular cells, lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity. PTH raises calcium levels, and calcitriol (active vitamin D) increases gut absorption of calcium. NCBI Bookshelf
Which pancreatic hormone secretion is under direct parasympathetic control?
Insulin
Pancreatic polypeptide
Somatostatin
Glucagon
Parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve promotes insulin release in anticipation of feeding. Glucagon is primarily regulated by blood glucose levels. Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide have more complex regulatory inputs. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone requires a carrier protein for transport in the bloodstream?
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Prolactin
Insulin
Steroid hormones like cortisol are lipophilic and bind carrier proteins (e.g., corticosteroid-binding globulin). Peptide hormones (insulin, prolactin) and catecholamines (epinephrine) are water-soluble and circulate freely. NCBI Bookshelf
In primary hypothyroidism, which lab finding is expected?
Low TSH, low T4
Low TSH, high T4
High TSH, low T4
High TSH, high T4
Primary hypothyroidism originates in the thyroid gland, so T4 is low, and lack of negative feedback causes TSH to rise. Central hypothyroidism has low TSH and low T4. Hyperthyroidism shows high T4. NCBI Bookshelf
Which of the following increases gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Insulin
Growth hormone
Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis, raising blood glucose during stress. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis. Growth hormone has some anti-insulin effects but primarily stimulates growth. Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance. NCBI Bookshelf
The 'flight-or-fight' response is mediated chiefly by:
Epinephrine
GH
ADH
Thyroid hormone
Epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and blood glucose. ADH controls water retention, thyroid hormone regulates metabolism, and growth hormone stimulates growth. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding?
Estrogen
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland for milk let-down. Prolactin stimulates milk production. Estrogen and progesterone prepare the breast but do not eject milk. NCBI Bookshelf
Which cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes ACTH?
Lactotrophs
Somatotrophs
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotrophs produce ACTH in response to CRH. Somatotrophs secrete GH, lactotrophs secrete prolactin, and thyrotrophs secrete TSH. Different pituitary cells are characterized by their hormone outputs. NCBI Bookshelf
Which feedback mechanism regulates cortisol secretion?
Autocrine feedback
Feedforward activation
Positive feedback on CRH
Negative feedback on CRH and ACTH
Cortisol exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, reducing CRH and ACTH release. Positive feedback is rare in endocrine axes. Feedforward and autocrine loops are not primary in HPA regulation. NCBI Bookshelf
A primary endocrine pathology originates in the:
Peripheral tissues
Target gland itself
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Primary endocrine disorders arise from dysfunction of the hormone-producing gland. Secondary disorders originate in the pituitary, tertiary in the hypothalamus. Peripheral tissue defects affect hormone action but not production. NCBI Bookshelf
Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excess secretion of which hormone?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Growth hormone
Cushing's syndrome results from chronic cortisol overexposure from adrenal tumors or exogenous steroids. Symptoms include hyperglycemia, muscle wasting, and immunosuppression. Aldosterone excess causes Conn's syndrome; GH excess causes acromegaly. NCBI Bookshelf
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia involves a mutation in the:
Vitamin D receptor
Calcium-sensing receptor
Calcitonin receptor
PTH receptor
A defective calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid cells raises the set point for calcium, causing mild hypercalcemia with low urinary calcium. Vitamin D and PTH receptor mutations cause different syndromes. NCBI Bookshelf
Which enzyme converts T4 to the more active T3 in peripheral tissues?
Aminotransferase
Thyroid peroxidase
5?-deiodinase
Dehydrogenase
Type I and II 5?-deiodinases remove an iodine atom from T4 to form T3. Thyroid peroxidase catalyzes iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin. Other enzymes are not involved in thyroid hormone activation. NCBI Bookshelf
Addison's disease involves primary failure of which endocrine organ?
Adrenal cortex
Anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
Adrenal medulla
Addison's disease is primary adrenal insufficiency affecting the cortex, causing cortisol and aldosterone deficiency. Medullary hormones (epinephrine) are usually preserved. Secondary adrenal insufficiency arises from pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. NCBI Bookshelf
Which hormone is responsible for seasonal rhythms and is secreted by the pineal gland?
Oxytocin
Serotonin
Melatonin
Dopamine
Melatonin regulates circadian and seasonal rhythms, secreted at night by the pineal gland. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and precursor to melatonin. Dopamine and oxytocin originate elsewhere. NCBI Bookshelf
Insulin receptor signaling involves activation of which intrinsic activity?
Adenylyl cyclase
Guanylate cyclase
Serine/threonine kinase
Tyrosine kinase
The insulin receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase; ligand binding triggers autophosphorylation and downstream signaling like PI3K/Akt. Guanylate cyclase is part of NO signaling. Serine/threonine kinases are in TGF-? pathways. NCBI Bookshelf
Which peptide hormone shares a common alpha subunit with TSH and LH?
GH
ACTH
PRL
hCG
hCG, TSH, LH, and FSH are glycoproteins with identical alpha subunits but distinct beta subunits. ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone are structurally different. hCG supports pregnancy by acting on LH receptors. NCBI Bookshelf
In SIADH, which condition is most commonly observed?
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion causes water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. Sodium levels fall due to excess free water. Hypernatremia and hypokalemia are not characteristic. NCBI Bookshelf
Which transcription factor is essential for pancreatic beta-cell development?
STAT3
HIF-1?
NF-?B
PDX1
PDX1 regulates early pancreatic development and beta-cell differentiation; mutations cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young. NF-?B, HIF-1?, and STAT3 are involved in inflammation, hypoxia, and cytokine signaling, respectively. NCBI Bookshelf
Which form of vitamin D is active and binds the nuclear receptor?
Calcidiol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol)
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol
Calcitriol is the active form produced in the kidney that binds VDR in target cells. Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol must be hydroxylated, and calcidiol is the storage form with lower affinity for VDR. NCBI Bookshelf
Which pituitary hormone uses the JAK-STAT signaling pathway?
ACTH
LH
TSH
Growth hormone
GH binds the growth hormone receptor, activating JAK2 and STAT proteins for gene transcription. ACTH signals via GPCR, TSH via GPCR, and LH via GPCR as well. JAK-STAT is characteristic of cytokine and GH receptors. NCBI Bookshelf
Hyperprolactinemia commonly leads to:
Amenorrhea in women
Hypoglycemia
Hypertension
Hyperpigmentation
Excess prolactin inhibits GnRH, leading to decreased FSH/LH and amenorrhea in women and erectile dysfunction in men. It does not directly cause hypertension, hypoglycemia, or hyperpigmentation. NCBI Bookshelf
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of endocrine cell communication via gap junctions?
Direct cytoplasmic transfer of ions and small molecules
Synaptic cleft transmission
Hormones in bloodstream
Secretion into extracellular fluid
Gap junctions are membrane channels that allow direct exchange of ions and small signaling molecules between adjacent cells. This local communication differs from paracrine, endocrine, or synaptic signaling. NCBI Bookshelf
Which cofactor is required for thyroid peroxidase activity during iodination of thyroglobulin?
NADPH
ATP
FAD
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
Thyroid peroxidase uses H2O2 to oxidize iodide and couple iodotyrosyl residues on thyroglobulin. NADPH and FAD are used in other oxidoreductases. ATP is not directly involved in the iodination reaction. NCBI Bookshelf
Resistance to thyroid hormone often involves mutations in the:
Deiodinase type I
Thyroid hormone receptor beta
Sodium-iodide symporter
Thyroid peroxidase
Most cases of thyroid hormone resistance are due to mutations in the TR? gene, impairing T3 binding. Mutations in symporter or peroxidase cause dyshormonogenesis but not receptor resistance. Deiodinase defects alter peripheral activation only. NCBI Bookshelf
Which molecular chaperone assists in proper folding of steroid hormone receptors in the cytoplasm?
Hsp90
Calnexin
Hsp70
Protein disulfide isomerase
Hsp90 binds unliganded steroid receptors, maintaining them in a conformation that allows hormone binding and subsequent nuclear translocation. Hsp70 works earlier in folding; calnexin folds glycoproteins; PDI forms disulfide bonds in the ER. NCBI Bookshelf
Which microRNA is known to regulate insulin secretion by targeting components of exocytosis in ?-cells?
miR-375
miR-122
miR-21
miR-155
miR-375 negatively regulates insulin exocytosis by targeting myotrophin and other proteins in ?-cells. miR-21 and miR-155 are involved in immune and cancer pathways; miR-122 in liver lipid metabolism. NCBI PMC
Which signaling molecule phosphorylates IRS proteins downstream of the insulin receptor?
PI3K
Akt
Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
mTOR
The insulin receptor's intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity phosphorylates insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). PI3K binds phosphorylated IRS to propagate signaling. Akt and mTOR are downstream kinases in glucose uptake and protein synthesis pathways. NCBI Bookshelf
Which rare endocrine tumor arises from chromaffin cells and often secretes catecholamines episodically?
Carcinoid tumor
Aldosteronoma
Pheochromocytoma
Insulinoma
Pheochromocytomas are adrenal medullary tumors of chromaffin cells that release epinephrine and norepinephrine in bursts. Insulinomas secrete insulin, carcinoids secrete serotonin, and aldosteronomas (Conn's) secrete aldosterone. NCBI Bookshelf
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Study Outcomes

  1. Understand hormone secretion mechanisms -

    Describe the main classes of hormones and their release processes, preparing you for the anatomy and physiology 2 exam 1 quiz.

  2. Identify endocrine cell origins -

    Locate and trace the cellular lineages of major endocrine glands in the context of A&P 2 exam 1 content.

  3. Differentiate signal transduction pathways -

    Contrast membrane-bound receptor cascades with intracellular receptor actions to explain hormone effects.

  4. Analyze feedback regulation loops -

    Examine negative and positive feedback mechanisms to understand hormone homeostasis for anatomy and physiology ii exam 1.

  5. Apply quiz insights -

    Use instant-feedback results to pinpoint knowledge gaps and reinforce critical endocrine system concepts.

  6. Evaluate your proficiency -

    Assess your readiness for the anatomy and physiology 2 test 1 by interpreting quiz outcomes and planning targeted study.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Hormone Chemical Classes & Solubility -

    Review the four major chemical classes: amino acid derivatives, peptides, steroids, and eicosanoids, noting that water-soluble hormones (peptides and catecholamines) circulate freely while lipid-soluble ones (steroids and thyroid hormones) require carrier proteins. For example, cortisol (a steroid) binds transcortin, whereas insulin (a peptide) diffuses in plasma. Remember "SALP" (Steroids, Amino, Lipid, Peptides) to keep classes straight when tackling anatomy and physiology 2 exam 1.

  2. Membrane vs Intracellular Receptors -

    Water-soluble hormones activate second-messenger systems (e.g., cAMP, IP₃/DAG) via membrane receptors, while lipid-soluble hormones cross membranes to bind intracellular receptors and directly modulate gene transcription. A classic example is epinephrine using cAMP to trigger PKA, versus thyroid hormone binding nuclear receptors to regulate mRNA. Use the phrase "Surface for speed, nucleus for notes" to recall which hormones use which pathway.

  3. Hypothalamic - Pituitary Axis & FLAT PiG -

    The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system, releasing TRH, CRH, GnRH, and GHRH to regulate tropic hormones. Memorize the anterior pituitary hormones with FLAT PiG (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH = tropic; Prolactin, GH = direct). Don't forget the posterior pituitary stores oxytocin and ADH produced by the hypothalamus - essential for a and p 2 exam 1 success.

  4. Feedback Mechanisms in Endocrine Regulation -

    Negative feedback keeps most axes in check: high cortisol levels inhibit CRH and ACTH release, stabilizing the HPA axis. Positive feedback is rarer but crucial in processes like oxytocin-driven uterine contractions during labor. Recall "negate to regulate" for negative loops and link positive loops to a "push to the peak" scenario for anatomy and physiology 2 test 1.

  5. Endocrine Gland Cell Origins & Zones -

    Differentiate cell types and zones: adrenal cortex zones "GFR - salt, sugar, sex" (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) and adrenal medulla from neural crest. In the thyroid, follicular cells synthesize T₃/T₄ while parafollicular (C) cells produce calcitonin. These cellular origins form the backbone for mastering a&p 2 exam 1 content.

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