Federalism is the division of power between national and state governments. This principle is essential to the U.S. government design, making it the correct answer.

The judicial branch interprets laws and ensures they conform to the Constitution. Its role in judicial review makes it the correct branch for this function.

The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law that sets forth the framework of the government. It establishes the structure, powers, and limits of governmental authority.

The legislative branch is tasked with creating laws. This lawmaking process is its central responsibility, confirming it as the correct answer.

The First Amendment protects several fundamental freedoms, including freedom of speech. This protection is a cornerstone of American democracy.

The President's veto power is a direct check on legislative actions. This tool prevents bills that are not in the executive's favor from becoming law.

Conducting elections is a responsibility primarily held by state governments. This power is distinctly separate from federal prerogatives like declaring war or printing money.

Interest groups work to mobilize voters and shape policy debates. Their influence helps ensure that specific interests are represented in the political process.

Age and socioeconomic status are significant determinants of voter engagement. These demographic factors often predict participation levels during elections.

Checks and balances are designed to distribute power among the branches of government. This system ensures that no single branch can dominate, thus guarding against tyranny.

The Electoral College is a mechanism used to elect the country's chief executives - the President and Vice President. It is composed of electors from each state, reflecting the federal structure of government.

Common law is developed by judges through decisions in individual cases. Over time, these rulings become part of the legal framework guiding future judicial decisions.

Supreme Court justices are nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. This process is an integral part of the system of checks and balances in U.S. government.

A veto gives the President the power to reject legislation passed by Congress. This executive tool is designed to serve as a check on the legislative process.

Partisanship in a divided government often results in legislative gridlock. When opposing parties control different branches, policy-making can become stalled.

Dual federalism describes a system where federal and state governments function in distinct and non-overlapping spheres. This clear division of responsibilities is what defines dual federalism.

Marbury v. Madison is the foundational case that established judicial review in the United States. This decision empowered the Supreme Court to declare legislative and executive actions unconstitutional.

Separating powers among the branches of government is designed to ensure no one branch wields excessive power. This division is fundamental to preventing tyranny and maintaining democratic principles.

Campaign finance allows wealthy interest groups to exert considerable influence over political processes. This can result in an imbalance in political power, raising concerns about fairness in elections.

Judicial restraint is practiced to avoid overstepping the judiciary's role in policymaking. By deferring to the legislative branch, the Court minimizes its intervention in political matters.