Ready to test your knowledge with our Welding Safety Quiz: Potential Eye Injuries Are One Hazard of Using GMAW Equipment? This free scored quiz is designed for welders and safety pros to sharpen skills on hot work hazards. You'll discover why potential eye injuries are one hazard of using gmaw equipment, learn why one should never cut or weld directly against unprotected surfaces, and recall that one should never operate arc welding equipment while fatigued. You'll even identify which ____ is produced by the metal as it burns. Spark your curiosity, challenge yourself with our welding safety test, and level up your shop safety today! Plus, feel confident exploring best practices in oxy fuel safety .
Which personal protective equipment is essential for protecting your eyes when using GMAW equipment?
Welding helmet with appropriate shade lens
Cotton safety gloves
Steel-toed boots
Ear plugs
A welding helmet with the correct shade lens filters out harmful ultraviolet and infrared radiation produced during GMAW, preventing eye injuries. Other PPE items protect different parts of the body but do not shield the eyes from arc radiation. Choosing the right shade ensures both protection and visibility. For more details see OSHA Welding Safety.
Which type of radiation emitted during GMAW causes 'arc eye'?
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Microwave radiation
Radiofrequency radiation
Visible light only
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the welding arc can inflame the cornea, causing photokeratitis or 'arc eye.' Visible light alone is less harmful, but combined UV and infrared require proper filtering. No protective gear for other radiation types is as essential for preventing arc eye as a suitable lens. More info at NIOSH Welding Safety.
What is the medical term for 'arc eye'?
Photokeratitis
Conjunctivitis
Glaucoma
Retinopathy
Photokeratitis is the inflammation of the cornea due to UV exposure from welding arcs, known as 'arc eye.' It is not the same as conjunctivitis or glaucoma, which have different causes. Retinopathy refers to retinal damage, not corneal inflammation. For further reading see American Academy of Ophthalmology.
What minimum shade number is generally recommended for GMAW operations?
Shade 10
Shade 5
Shade 3
Shade 2
Shade 10 is recommended for GMAW to adequately protect the welder's eyes from UV, infrared, and visible light. Lower shade numbers do not filter enough radiation, while higher numbers may excessively darken the view. OSHA guidelines outline shade ranges for various welding processes. See OSHA Standard 1910.252 for specifics.
Why should safety glasses be worn under a welding helmet?
To protect from flying debris when the helmet is lifted
To improve color perception
To filter out UV radiation
To secure the helmet in place
Safety glasses under the helmet protect eyes from sparks and debris when the helmet is lifted between welds. The helmet’s main purpose is radiation filtering, not debris shielding when raised. Proper layering of eye protection is a key safety practice. More at Miller Welding Helmet Basics.
What does GMAW stand for?
Gas Metal Arc Welding
Gas Manual Arc Welding
Generic Metal Arc Welder
Gas Mandrel Arc Welding
GMAW stands for Gas Metal Arc Welding, a process that uses a continuous wire electrode and shielding gas. Knowing the full name helps in selecting correct safety protocols and equipment. Misnaming the process can lead to improper PPE choices. For a detailed overview see Lincoln Electric GMAW.
Which type of eye injury is most directly caused by hot metal spatter?
Thermal burns to the cornea or eyelids
Photokeratitis
Retinal detachment
Glaucoma
Hot metal spatter can cause thermal burns to the cornea and eyelids if it lands on unprotected skin or eyes. Photokeratitis is caused by UV radiation, not spatter. Retinal detachment and glaucoma are unrelated to direct heat exposure. OSHA guidelines recommend full-face protection to prevent spatter injuries. More info at OSHA Welding Safety.
What is a common symptom of photokeratitis?
Intense eye pain and tearing
Yellowing of the sclera
Gradual vision loss over months
Sudden onset of floaters
Photokeratitis typically presents with intense eye pain, tearing, redness, and sensitivity to light shortly after exposure. Yellow sclera indicate jaundice, not UV injury. Floaters and gradual vision loss are signs of retinal issues. For symptoms and treatment, see American Academy of Ophthalmology.
How long after exposure to a welding flash can eye pain begin?
6 to 12 hours
Immediately
48 to 72 hours
3 to 5 days
Pain from welding flash (photokeratitis) often begins 6 to 12 hours post-exposure as the corneal epithelium becomes inflamed. Immediate pain is uncommon because of the delayed inflammatory response. Waiting days suggests another condition. See CDC Welding Eye Protection for timelines.
What feature of a welding helmet ensures proper protection against infrared and ultraviolet rays?
Correct shade filter lens
Adjustable headgear
Ventilation slots
Leather bib
The shade filter lens in a welding helmet is designed to block harmful UV and infrared radiation while allowing enough visible light. Adjustable headgear improves fit, but does not filter radiation. Ventilation and a leather bib protect breathing and neck but not eye safety. For lens specs refer to ANSI Z87.1.
Why should a welding lens be inspected before each use?
To ensure no cracks or scratches compromise protection
To verify shade is set to 1
To confirm the lens is clear glass
To check its expiration date
Cracks or scratches in the lens can allow harmful radiation to reach the eyes. Lenses are not glass but specialized filters with designated shade numbers. They don’t expire like perishable items, but damage warrants replacement. OSHA recommends routine lens inspection; see OSHA Eye Protection.
What is the primary purpose of side shields on safety glasses used in welding?
To block debris entering from the sides
To increase UV filtering
To secure glasses to the helmet
To allow extra ventilation
Side shields prevent flying sparks and debris from entering around the lenses. They do not provide additional UV filtering beyond the lens material itself. Their function is physical barrier, not ventilation or attachment. More at OSHA Eye and Face Protection.
Where should welding curtains be positioned to protect bystanders?
Surrounding the welding area
On the floor under the weld site
Above the overhead lights
Behind the welder only
Welding curtains should fully surround the welding zone to block harmful arc flash and spatter from all directions. Placing them only behind or under the work spot fails to shield adjacent personnel. Proper curtain placement is required by ANSI Z49.1. See AWS Z49.1.
What should you inspect on your helmet lens assembly each day?
Secure fitting and absence of damage
Brand logo visibility
Color of the headgear
Helmet weight
Daily inspections should ensure the lens is undamaged and properly secured so no radiation leaks occur. Branding, color, or weight are irrelevant to safety. A secure fit also prevents the helmet from falling off. OSHA’s eye protection standard suggests routine checks; see OSHA 1910.133.
Which training topic is essential for safe GMAW operation?
Proper use of eye and face protection
Manual of automotive repair
Forklift operation
Office ergonomics
Training in the correct selection and use of eye and face protection is critical to preventing arc eye and other injuries during GMAW. Other topics like forklift operation or office ergonomics are unrelated. Proper PPE training is mandated by OSHA and ANSI. Review OSHA Welding/Cutting for required training elements.
How often should auto-darkening helmets be tested for proper lens switching?
Before each shift
Once a month
Every year
Only when damaged
Auto-darkening helmets should be tested before each shift to confirm proper sensitivity and switching speed, ensuring they protect during every welding cycle. Monthly or yearly checks are insufficient, and waiting for damage leaves welders vulnerable. Manufacturer guidelines emphasize daily testing. See OSHA 1910.252.
Which hazard is NOT directly related to eye injuries in GMAW?
Noise from the welding machine
UV radiation
Flying sparks
Infrared radiation
Noise can damage hearing but does not directly injure the eyes. UV and infrared radiation and flying sparks are primary causes of welding-related eye injuries. Eye protection standards address these hazards specifically. For comparative hazards see CDC Welding Safety.
What shade number is recommended for GMAW at currents above 300 amps?
Shade 12
Shade 8
Shade 5
Shade 3
At currents above 300 amps, a shade 12 lens is recommended to adequately filter the increased UV and visible radiation. Lower shades allow too much light, risking eye injury. ANSI Z49.1 specifies shade requirements by amperage. Refer to OSHA Welding Standards.
How does an auto-darkening filter (ADF) helmet improve welder safety?
Automatically switches from light to dark when arc is struck
Reduces helmet weight by half
Eliminates need for side shields
Cools the face of the welder
An ADF helmet senses the arc flash and automatically darkens the lens, protecting the welder’s eyes without requiring manual helmet flips. It does not affect helmet weight significantly or cooling. Side shields remain necessary for debris protection. For ADF details see Miller ADF Technology.
Which ANSI standard covers eye and face protection for welding?
ANSI Z87.1
ANSI Z35.1
ANSI B16.5
ANSI C136.1
ANSI Z87.1 specifies requirements for impact-resistant and filter lenses used in welding to protect eyes and faces. Other ANSI standards cover unrelated equipment. Compliance with Z87.1 ensures proper testing and labeling of protective gear. See ANSI Standards.
Which factor affects the performance of a welding lens filter over time?
Exposure to UV radiation degrades filter material
Ambient temperature has no effect
Wearing it under a helmet improves performance
Cleaning it with water increases shade
Continuous UV exposure can degrade the organic components of filter lenses, reducing protection over time. Ambient temperature and cleaning practices do not alter shade level, and wearing it under a helmet is standard but does not improve performance. Replace aged filters as per manufacturer guidelines. More at OSHA Eye Protection.
What potential hazard arises if the helmet lens is scratched or cracked?
Radiation leakage leading to eye exposure
Helmet becomes heavier
Improved ventilation
Automatic shade increase
Scratches or cracks compromise the filter’s integrity, allowing harmful radiation to penetrate and injure the eyes. They do not affect helmet weight, ventilation, or shade setting. Damaged lenses must be replaced immediately to maintain protection. See NIOSH Eye Protection Guide.
Why is infrared (IR) radiation also a concern for welders' eye safety?
IR can cause lens clouding and retinal damage
IR only heats the workpiece
IR is fully blocked by any shade
IR has no biological effect
Infrared radiation can heat internal eye structures, causing cataracts or retinal damage over time. Not all shades block IR equally, so selecting rated filters is vital. IR also contributes to overall thermal load on the eye. For IR protection guidelines see OSHA Eye Protection.
How can secondary reflections of the welding arc pose a hazard?
They can reflect UV radiation onto the welder’s eyes
They improve arc stability
They cool the workpiece
They increase welding speed
Secondary reflections from shiny surfaces can redirect harmful UV and visible radiation back toward the eyes, risking injury even when not directly looking at the arc. Reflections do not improve arc function or speed. Use appropriate shielding and curtain placement to minimize this hazard. See AWS Z49.1 Safety in Welding.
What feature of welding curtains helps reduce arc flash hazards?
UV-blocking screened fabric
Transparent plastic
Perforated mesh only
Reflective metallic coating
Welding curtains made of UV-blocking screened fabric absorb harmful radiation and prevent it from reaching bystanders. Transparent or perforated materials fail to filter radiation effectively, and reflective coatings can increase hazard by specular reflection. Refer to Miller Welding Curtains.
When should you replace the protective lens cover on a welding helmet?
When it becomes scratched or hardened by spatter
Every 10 years regardless of condition
Only if the shade number changes
When the helmet headgear is replaced
Lens covers protect the main filter but should be replaced as soon as they are scratched or cover hardened by spatter to maintain clarity and protection. Replacing by arbitrary time or with headgear changes is not standard practice. Manufacturer instructions emphasize condition-based replacement. See OSHA Eye Protection.
What is the primary cause of deep ocular burns in welding?
Infrared radiation heating internal tissues
Sound waves from the arc
Airborne chemical vapors
Cold metal spatter
Infrared radiation penetrates superficial tissues and can heat internal ocular structures, causing serious burns and cataracts. Sound waves, vapors, or cold spatter do not cause deep thermal damage inside the eye. Proper IR-rated filters are crucial. For IR hazards see NIOSH Welding Hazards.
Which component in auto-darkening helmets measures arc intensity?
Photosensors on the lens
Infrared thermometer
Pressure switch in headgear
UV-curable resin layer
Photosensors detect the bright arc flash and trigger the darkening mechanism in auto-darkening helmets. Infrared thermometers and pressure switches are unrelated, and UV-curable resin is a lens material not a sensor. Sensor positioning is critical for reliable performance. Read more at Miller ADF Technology.
Why should welding be performed away from reflective surfaces when possible?
To avoid dangerous reflections of harmful radiation
To reduce background noise
To keep the workspace cooler
To improve gas shielding
Reflective surfaces can redirect UV and visible radiation unpredictably, exposing welders or bystanders to arc flash. Noise, workspace temperature, and gas shielding are not affected by reflectivity. Using non-reflective barriers or moving the workpiece reduces this hazard. See OSHA Welding/Cutting Safety.
Which element of eye anatomy is directly damaged by arc flash?
Corneal epithelium
Optic nerve
Lens zonules
Macula
Arc flash’s UV radiation primarily damages the corneal epithelium, causing pain and temporary vision loss. The optic nerve and retinal structures are less immediately affected by surface-level UV exposure. Laminar damage deeper in the eye requires prolonged IR. For anatomy details see NCBI Eye Anatomy.
What maintenance step ensures long-term effectiveness of a welding helmet’s electronics?
Regularly replacing batteries as recommended
Removing side shields
Cleaning sensors with water only
Storing in direct sunlight
Auto-darkening helmets rely on battery or solar power to operate sensors and LCD cells; replacing batteries per manufacturer guidance ensures consistent performance. Removing side shields or exposing electronics to water or sunlight can damage components. Follow user manual for storage and maintenance. See Miller ADF Maintenance.
What optical density (OD) rating corresponds to shade 10 for welding filters?
OD 5.0
OD 2.0
OD 8.0
OD 1.0
Shade 10 filters typically correspond to an optical density (OD) of around 5.0, blocking over 99.999% of UV and visible radiation. Lower OD ratings do not provide sufficient protection at that shade. OD measures filter effectiveness logarithmically. Details at ANSI Z87.1.
Which welding standard specifically addresses ocular exposure limits for UV and IR?
ANSI Z49.1
ISO 9001
ASTM E84
DIN EN 388
ANSI Z49.1 covers safety in welding, including permissible ocular exposure limits for UV and IR radiation. ISO 9001 addresses quality management, ASTM E84 fire testing, and DIN EN 388 hand protection standards. Adhering to Z49.1 helps prevent radiation injuries. Read AWS Z49.1.
What is the approximate wavelength range of UV-B radiation from a welding arc?
280–315 nm
100–200 nm
400–500 nm
700–1000 nm
UV-B radiation spans approximately 280–315 nm, and it’s especially harmful to the cornea and conjunctiva. UV-C lies below 280 nm, while visible and IR lie above 400 nm. Proper filters block across these spectra. For UVA/UVB ranges see NIOSH Guide.
Which molecular effect causes photokeratitis at the cellular level?
UV-induced DNA dimer formation in corneal cells
Thermal denaturation of lens proteins
Oxidation of retinal rods
Magnetic resonance of aqueous humor
Photokeratitis results from UV-induced DNA dimer formation in corneal epithelial cells, leading to cell death and inflammation. Thermal lens protein denaturation is related to IR overexposure, not UV. Retinal oxidation and magnetic effects are unrelated. For cell biology see NCBI Photokeratitis.
In OSHA’s hierarchy of controls, which measure eliminates eye hazard at the source?
Substituting arc process with a less radiant method
Wearing safety glasses
Installing local exhaust ventilation
Posting warning signs
Substitution—using a welding method that emits less radiation—eliminates the hazard at the source according to OSHA’s hierarchy of controls. Safety glasses are PPE, lower on the hierarchy. Ventilation and signage are engineering and administrative controls, respectively. See OSHA Hierarchy of Controls.
What spectral transmittance property must a welding lens have to protect against IR?
Low transmittance above 780 nm
High transmittance above 780 nm
Variable transmittance only in visible range
No requirement for IR
To block IR, welding lenses must have low transmittance above 780 nm, preventing heat buildup in the eye. High IR transmittance would allow damaging radiation through. Variable visible-light transmittance addresses brightness but not IR. Regulations mandate IR blocking; see ANSI Z87.1.
Which chemical component in lens coatings enhances UV reflection?
Oxide-based dielectric layers
Silicone oil
Lead glass
Pure acrylic
Oxide-based dielectric coatings (e.g., TiO2, SiO2) create multilayer filters that reflect UV radiation. Silicone oil and pure acrylic lack the optical density and layering required. Lead glass filters visible light but is brittle and not used in modern auto-darkening lenses. For coating technology see SPIE Coatings.
What is the half-value layer (HVL) concept in radiation protection as applied to welding filters?
Thickness reducing transmitted radiation by 50%
Layer that blocks 100% radiation
Single film application
Filter color intensity
The half-value layer is the material thickness required to reduce transmitted radiation intensity by half, guiding filter design for adequate protection. It does not block all radiation or refer to color. Welding filters combine multiple HVLs to achieve desired shade. See NIST HVL Guide.
How does flicker frequency in early ADF helmets affect eye safety?
Slow response can expose eyes before darkening
High flicker warms the lens
Frequency changes shade number
It improves arc visibility
Slow response or flicker in early auto-darkening filters allowed brief UV/visible exposure before the lens darkened, risking eye injury. Flicker frequency doesn’t warm the lens, alter shade, or improve visibility. Modern helmets meet >1/25,000-second switching speeds. For performance specs see Miller ADF Specs.
Why is stray current in GMAW a risk factor for auto-darkening helmets?
It can interfere with electronic sensors causing malfunction
It increases UV output
It reduces helmet weight
It sharpens the filter optics
Stray currents from the welding circuit can create electromagnetic interference that disrupts the sensitive electronics of auto-darkening filters, causing improper switching. This does not change UV output or physical properties of the helmet. Proper grounding reduces this risk. More at OSHA Eye Protection.
Which factor in ambient lighting can cause an ADF helmet to mis-trigger?
Bright sunlight directly on sensors
Dim workshop lighting
Presence of dust only
Temperature below freezing
Bright sunlight shining directly on the photosensors can cause false triggering of auto-darkening helmets, either darkening prematurely or failing to darken. Dim lighting, dust alone, or low temperature are less likely to cause mis-trigger. Proper sensor placement and shading prevent errors. For environmental guidelines see Miller ADF Guide.
What role do UV stabilizers in helmet plastics play?
They prevent material degradation from UV exposure
They enhance arc brightness
They cool the helmet shell
They reduce IR transmission
UV stabilizers in helmet shell plastics absorb or block UV rays, preventing the polymer from breaking down and becoming brittle over time. They do not affect arc brightness or IR transmission directly, nor do they cool the shell. Durable materials extend helmet service life. See NFPA Material Standards.
Which advanced welding process poses the highest risk of IR-induced cataracts?
Laser-assisted GMAW
Manual oxy-fuel cutting
Electric arc gouging
Simple stick welding at low amps
Laser-assisted GMAW combines high-intensity lasers with arc welding, producing significant IR radiation that can penetrate deeper ocular tissues, increasing cataract risk. Traditional arc or oxy-fuel processes emit less concentrated IR. Stick welding at low amperage poses relatively lower IR exposure. For laser welding hazards see OSHA Laser Safety.
What inspection tool can quantify a welding filter’s IR attenuation?
Spectrophotometer
Digital caliper
Thermocouple
Lux meter
A spectrophotometer measures transmission across UV, visible, and IR wavelengths, enabling precise quantification of a welding filter’s attenuation. Calipers measure dimensions, thermocouples measure temperature, and lux meters measure visible light intensity only. Standards require spectral testing; see ISO Filter Testing.
In designing a welding helmet lens, how is the combined optical density (OD) across UV and IR calculated?
By summing individual layer ODs at each wavelength
By averaging visible light transmittance
By measuring helmet thickness only
By counting the number of dielectric layers
Total optical density at each wavelength is the sum of the OD contributions from each filter layer, ensuring adequate attenuation. Visible light transmittance or thickness alone does not yield spectral OD. Layer count is structural, not directly additive without OD values. For optical design see SPIE Photonics Design.
Which specialized test assesses dynamic switching performance of ADF helmets?
Arc pulse response time test
Static transmittance test
Thermal shock test
Vibration durability test
The arc pulse response time test measures how quickly an auto-darkening filter transitions from light to dark upon arc initiation, critical for eye safety. Static transmittance only evaluates constant shade. Thermal and vibration tests examine durability, not dynamic optical response. See ANSI Z87.1 for test protocols.
How do quantum dot coatings differ from traditional dielectric layers in welding filters?
They absorb specific UV wavelengths more efficiently
They increase helmet weight significantly
They block only visible light
They are purely decorative
Quantum dot coatings can be engineered to absorb targeted UV wavelengths with high efficiency while maintaining visible light clarity. They do not necessarily add more weight than dielectric stacks and are functional, not decorative. They also offer tunability that traditional multilayer coatings lack. Research at Nature Photonics.
What advanced modeling technique predicts hot-spot formation on auto-darkening sensors?
Finite element thermal-optical simulation
Monte Carlo fluid dynamics
Linear regression of shade values
Discrete Fourier transform analysis
Finite element thermal-optical simulation models heat buildup and light distribution on sensor areas to predict hot spots that can impair performance. CFD and Monte Carlo address fluid or statistical problems. Regression and Fourier analysis are less suited to spatial thermal-optical interactions. See COMSOL Welding Module.
Which emerging material promises self-healing properties for welding lens coatings?
Microencapsulated polymer networks
Standard acrylic resin
Single-crystal sapphire
Tempered glass
Microencapsulated polymer networks release healing agents when the coating is damaged, restoring integrity and clarity. Acrylic resin, sapphire, and tempered glass lack self-healing attributes. This technology extends service life under spatter exposure. For material research see ScienceDirect Self-Healing Polymers.
What is a critical challenge in integrating OLED displays into auto-darkening helmets?
Balancing display transparency with UV/IR protection
Excessive power consumption
Incompatibility with ANSI standards
Inability to auto-focus
Integrating OLED displays requires materials that remain transparent while blocking harmful UV/IR radiation; achieving both is technically challenging. Power and standards issues are secondary, and focusing is not the main concern. Research on transparent conductive coatings addresses this. See Nature Energy.
0
{"name":"Which personal protective equipment is essential for protecting your eyes when using GMAW equipment?", "url":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/QPREVIEW","txt":"Which personal protective equipment is essential for protecting your eyes when using GMAW equipment?, Which type of radiation emitted during GMAW causes 'arc eye'?, What is the medical term for 'arc eye'?","img":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/3012/images/ogquiz.png"}
Study Outcomes
Identify GMAW Equipment Hazards -
Attain knowledge that potential eye injuries are one hazard of using GMAW equipment and learn how proper shielding and eyewear protect your vision.
Understand Safe Metal Cutting Principles -
Explain why one should never cut or weld directly against metal surfaces to prevent heat buildup, sparking, and structural compromise.
Recognize Fatigue-Related Risks -
Describe why one should never operate arc welding equipment while fatigued to maintain steady control and reduce the likelihood of accidents.
Describe Welding Fume Generation -
Recall that metal oxides and harmful gases are produced by the metal as it burns and understand the importance of proper ventilation to minimize inhalation hazards.
Apply Welding Safety Best Practices -
Demonstrate how to integrate personal protective equipment, correct techniques, and hazard awareness into everyday welding tasks for optimal safety.
Cheat Sheet
Eye Hazards in GMAW -
Remember that potential eye injuries are one hazard of using GMAW equipment, as the intense UV and infrared radiation can cause "arc eye" and retinal burns. Always wear a proper welding helmet with the correct filter shade to block harmful rays and flying spatter. A handy mnemonic: "UV B Gone" reminds you to guard against both ultraviolet and bright light hazards (source: OSHA & ANSI Z87.1).
Choosing the Right Shade -
ANSI Z87.1 recommends shade numbers 10 - 12 for typical GMAW currents between 100 - 200 A to ensure adequate UV and infrared protection. You can estimate the optical density (OD) needed using OD = logâ‚â‚€(Iâ‚€/I) where Iâ‚€ is incident light and I is transmitted light. Keeping a shade chart nearby helps you select filters quickly for different amperage levels (source: The Lincoln Electric Company).
Safe Cutting Practices -
Remember that one should never cut or weld directly against flammable surfaces or closed containers to prevent flashbacks and explosions. Always clear the work area of combustibles and use fire-resistant blankets or shields when working near wood or plastics. A simple catchphrase, "No Direct Service," reminds you to maintain a safe standoff distance (source: American Welding Society).
Fatigue and Arc Welding Safety -
Research from NIOSH stresses that one should never operate arc welding equipment while fatigued or under influence, as reduced alertness sharply raises accident risk. Schedule regular breaks and maintain proper hydration to stay sharp during long welds. Keep a log of rest intervals - "Rest Before Best" - to reinforce safe work - rest cycles (source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health).
Metal Fume Byproducts -
Understand that metal oxides are produced by the metal as it burns, creating hazardous welding fumes like iron oxide, manganese oxide, and ozone. Always use local exhaust ventilation (LEV) or an approved respirator when welding materials that emit toxic oxides. A memory tip: "Burning Metal = Metal Oxide" helps recall the main fume constituents (source: NIOSH Pocket Guide).
