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What is the SI unit of electrical potential difference, commonly called voltage?
Volt
Ampere
Ohm
Watt
Voltage is defined as the electric potential difference between two points and is measured in volts (V). It represents the work done per unit charge to move a test charge between the points. The volt is the standard SI unit for this quantity. Learn more about the volt.
What does electric current measure in a circuit?
Rate of charge flow
Energy per charge
Resistance to flow
Power consumption
Electric current is defined as the rate at which electric charge flows through a conductor. It is measured in amperes (A), where one ampere equals one coulomb of charge passing per second. Understanding current is fundamental to analyzing any electrical circuit. More on electric current.
According to Ohm’s Law, what is the formula to calculate resistance?
R = V / I
R = V × I
V = I × R
I = V / R
Ohm’s Law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, with resistance as the proportionality constant. The formula is V = I × R, which rearranges to R = V / I. This relationship is a core principle in circuit analysis. Read more on Ohm’s Law.
How do resistors behave when connected in series?
Their equivalent resistance is the sum of individual resistances
Their equivalent resistance is the reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals
Their equivalent resistance is the product divided by the sum
Their equivalent resistance is always equal to the smallest resistor
When resistors are connected end-to-end in a series configuration, the total resistance is simply the sum of each resistor’s resistance. This occurs because the same current flows through each resistor sequentially, adding up voltage drops. Series combinations increase the overall resistance. Details on series circuits.
How is the equivalent resistance calculated for resistors in parallel?
The reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals of individual resistances
The sum of the resistances
The product of resistances divided by their sum
The difference between the largest and smallest resistance
In a parallel resistor network, each resistor provides an alternate path for current. The combined conductance adds, so the equivalent resistance is the reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals of each resistor. This always yields a lower resistance than the smallest branch. Learn about parallel circuits.
What is the formula for electric power in terms of voltage and current?
P = V × I
P = V / I
P = I / R
P = V² × I
Electric power (P) delivered to or by an electrical component is the product of the voltage across it (V) and the current flowing through it (I). This fundamental relationship applies to both DC and instantaneous AC values. Other power formulas are derived from combining this with Ohm’s Law. More on electric power.
What is the SI unit of capacitance?
Farad
Henry
Ohm
Coulomb
Capacitance is the ability of a component to store electrical charge per unit voltage, measured in farads (F). One farad equals one coulomb per volt. It is named after Michael Faraday, who contributed to the study of electrostatics. Read about capacitance.
What does Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law state about closed circuits?
The algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed loop is zero
The sum of voltages equals the supply voltage
The sum of currents at a junction is zero
Voltage drop equals current times resistance
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of all electrical potential differences around a closed loop equals zero. This arises from energy conservation in electrical circuits. It is essential for analyzing complex network voltages. More on KVL.
What is the formula for capacitive reactance (Xc) in an AC circuit?
1 / (2?fC)
2?fC
1 / (fC)
fC / (2?)
Capacitive reactance Xc quantifies a capacitor’s opposition to AC and varies inversely with frequency and capacitance: Xc = 1/(2?fC). Higher frequency or larger capacitance reduces reactance. This formula is key in filter and impedance design. Learn about capacitive reactance.
How do you calculate the inductive reactance (Xl) of an inductor?
2?fL
1 / (2?fL)
L / (2?f)
f / (2?L)
Inductive reactance Xl represents an inductor’s opposition to AC and increases linearly with frequency and inductance: Xl = 2?fL. As frequency rises, the inductor resists current changes more strongly. This relationship is fundamental in AC circuit analysis. More on inductive reactance.
What is the resonant frequency of an LC circuit?
1 / (2??(LC))
2??(LC)
?(LC) / (2?)
1 / ?(2?LC)
An ideal LC circuit resonates when its inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. The resonant frequency is given by f? = 1/(2??(LC)). At this frequency, the circuit can oscillate with minimal damping. Details on resonant frequency.
What does Thévenin’s theorem allow you to do with a complex linear circuit?
Represent it as a single voltage source and series resistor
Represent it as a single current source and series resistor
Simplify it to a single capacitor
Convert it into its Norton equivalent directly
Thévenin’s theorem states that any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance. This simplification makes analyzing load behavior easier. It is widely used in circuit design and power systems. Learn more about Thévenin’s theorem.
What does Norton’s theorem state?
Any linear circuit can be replaced by a current source in parallel with a resistor
Any circuit can be replaced by a voltage source in series with a resistor
A current source in series with a resistor is equivalent to a circuit
A voltage source in parallel with a resistor is equivalent to a circuit
Norton’s theorem is the dual of Thévenin’s theorem, stating a linear two-terminal network can be replaced by an equivalent current source in parallel with a resistor. This representation simplifies the analysis of currents in load circuits. It is particularly useful when dealing with parallel networks. Read about Norton’s theorem.
What is the time constant (?) of an RC circuit?
R × C
1 / (R × C)
R / C
C / R
The time constant ? of an RC circuit defines how quickly it charges or discharges: ? = R × C. After a time equal to ?, the voltage across the capacitor reaches about 63% of its final value. This concept is crucial in timing and filter applications. More on RC time constant.
In a pure inductor AC circuit, how does the current phase compare to the voltage phase?
Current lags voltage by 90°
Current leads voltage by 90°
Current is in phase with voltage
Current lags voltage by 180°
In an ideal inductive circuit, the inductor resists changes in current, causing the current waveform to lag the voltage by 90 degrees. This phase difference is characteristic of inductors in AC analysis. It affects power factor and reactive power in systems. See inductive reactance.
What is the total impedance (Z) of a series RLC circuit?
?[R² + (Xl – Xc)²]
R + Xl + Xc
R² + Xl² + Xc²
?[R² + (Xl + Xc)²]
In a series RLC circuit, the impedance magnitude is given by the square root of the sum of the resistor squared and the net reactance squared: Z = ?(R² + (Xl – Xc)²). The difference between inductive and capacitive reactances determines the net reactance. This formula is fundamental for resonance and filter analysis. More on impedance.
What is the power factor of an AC circuit?
cos ?, where ? is the phase angle between voltage and current
tan ?
sin ?
1 / cos ?
Power factor quantifies how effectively current is converted into useful work and is defined as the cosine of the phase angle (?) between voltage and current. A power factor of 1 indicates all power is real, while lower values imply reactive power. Improving power factor reduces losses in power systems. Read about power factor.
How do you calculate the RMS value of a sinusoidal current with peak value Ipeak?
Ipeak / ?2
Ipeak × ?2
Ipeak / 2
2 × Ipeak
The root mean square (RMS) value of a sinusoidal waveform is the peak value divided by ?2. RMS values represent the equivalent DC value in terms of power delivery. This calculation is central in AC power and thermal analysis. More on RMS values.
What is the formula for three-phase real power in a balanced system?
?3 × V_L × I_L × cos ?
3 × V_L × I_L × cos ?
V_L × I_L × cos ?
?3 × V_phase × I_phase
In a balanced three-phase system, the real power delivered is P = ?3 × V_L × I_L × cos ?, where V_L and I_L are line voltage and line current, and ? is the phase angle between them. This formula simplifies power calculations in industrial power distribution. Learn about three-phase power.
In an ideal transformer, how are the primary and secondary voltages related?
Vs / Vp = Ns / Np
Vs / Vp = Np / Ns
Vs × Vp = Ns × Np
Vs + Vp = Ns + Np
An ideal transformer relates primary and secondary voltages by the turns ratio: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np, where Ns and Np are the numbers of turns on the secondary and primary windings, respectively. This proportional relationship enables voltage step-up or step-down. Real transformers include losses but follow this law closely. More on transformer principles.
Under what condition is maximum power transferred from a source to a load in AC circuits?
Load impedance equals the complex conjugate of source impedance
Load impedance equals source impedance
Load resistance equals source resistance
Load impedance is much smaller than source impedance
The maximum power transfer theorem for AC circuits states that maximum real power is delivered when the load impedance is the complex conjugate of the source impedance. This ensures that reactive components cancel out, maximizing real power. It is critical in RF and matching networks. Learn more on maximum power transfer.
What information does a Bode magnitude plot provide about a system?
Gain versus frequency on a logarithmic scale
Phase shift versus time
Impedance versus time
Power versus voltage
A Bode magnitude plot displays how the amplitude gain of a system varies with frequency, using a logarithmic frequency axis and a decibel scale for gain. It is essential for control system stability and filter design. Engineers use it to assess bandwidth and resonant peaks. Read about Bode plots.
What is the quality factor (Q) of a series RLC circuit at resonance?
??L / R
R / ??L
R × C
1 / (??R C)
At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the quality factor Q measures the sharpness of resonance and is given by Q = ??L/R, where ?? is the resonant angular frequency. A higher Q indicates lower energy loss relative to stored energy. This parameter is crucial in filter and oscillator design. More on quality factor.
In a DC–DC buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode, what is the relationship between output voltage Vout and input voltage Vin in terms of duty cycle D?
Vout = D × Vin
Vout = Vin / D
Vout = (1 – D) × Vin
Vout = Vin / (1 – D)
A buck converter steps down voltage using a switch controlled by the duty cycle D. In continuous conduction mode, the average output voltage is Vout = D × Vin. This simple relation is foundational in power electronics. Learn about buck converters.
For an ideal inverting op-amp configuration with input resistor Rin and feedback resistor Rf, what is the voltage gain?
-Rf / Rin
Rf / Rin
-Rin / Rf
Rin / Rf
Inverting op-amp gain is determined by the ratio of the feedback resistor to the input resistor, with a negative sign indicating phase inversion: Gain = -Rf/Rin. This relationship holds for ideal operational amplifiers. It is central to amplifier design. More on inverting op-amps.
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Study Outcomes
Understand Voltage and Current Flow -
Readers will grasp how voltage drives current in electrical circuits and how these fundamentals impact overall circuit behavior.
Identify Series and Parallel Circuits -
Readers will distinguish between series and parallel configurations and predict how each arrangement affects total resistance and current distribution.
Apply Ohm's Law -
Readers will use the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance to solve basic circuit calculations with confidence.
Analyze Basic Circuit Designs -
Readers will evaluate simple circuit diagrams to determine component interactions and troubleshoot potential wiring issues.
Recall Electronics Fundamentals Terminology -
Readers will reinforce key terms such as resistor, capacitor, and conductor, improving their technical vocabulary.
Assess Component Functions -
Readers will understand the roles of common electrical components and predict their behavior within a circuit.
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that currents entering a node sum to zero, while Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) holds that voltages around any closed loop total zero (source: MIT OpenCourseWare). A quick mnemonic is "Junction Currents Join, Loop Voltages Vanish." Mastering these rules is key for your electrical circuits quiz success.
Capacitors store energy as E = ½·C·V² and inductors as E = ½·L·I², with time constants τ = R·C for RC and τ = L/R for RL circuits (source: IEEE tutorials). Knowing how voltage or current responds over time is crucial for an online engineering quiz. Think "RC charges slowly, RL resists changes" to lock in the concept.
AC Signals and Impedance -
Alternating current analysis uses RMS values (V_rms = V_peak/√2) and treats impedance Z = R + jX, where X is reactance from capacitors or inductors. Phasor diagrams help visualize phase shifts between current and voltage, a staple in electronics fundamentals trivia. Remember "Z = R + jX" to breeze through any electrical engineering quiz online.
