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Quizzes > Health & Medicine > Human Anatomy & Medicine

Take the Lymphatic System & Immunity Quiz Now!

Ready to Explore Non-Specific Cellular Disease Resistance & Lymph vs Interstitial Fluid?

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art style golden yellow quiz showing lymphatic vessels, nodes, white blood cells and interstitial fluid droplets

Ready to elevate your understanding in this lymphatic system and immunity quiz? Whether you're a budding healthcare professional, a science whiz, or simply curious about how your body shields you from illness, this interactive challenge offers a deep dive into the functions of the lymphatic system, how lymph vs interstitial fluid circulate, and the key components of the immune system at work. Find out which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism while enjoying bite-sized questions at your own pace. Ready to kick off? Explore our lymphatic system questions and start the lymph system quiz today!

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Nutrient absorption in the stomach
Gas exchange
Hormone secretion
Fluid recovery from tissues
The lymphatic system is responsible for returning excess interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream, preventing tissue edema. It also transports dietary lipids and participates in immune surveillance. Unlike the circulatory system, it does not perform gas exchange or significant hormone secretion. Source
Lymph fluid is most similar in composition to which of the following?
Interstitial fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood plasma
Intracellular fluid
Lymph originates from interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries. It contains similar electrolytes and dissolved substances, minus most plasma proteins. Blood plasma has a higher protein concentration, while CSF and intracellular fluid are compositionally distinct. Source
Which organ is the primary site of T cell maturation?
Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph node
Thymus
T cell precursors originate in bone marrow but migrate to the thymus to undergo maturation and selection. The thymus provides specialized epithelial cells that present self-antigens during T cell development. Other lymphoid organs do not support T cell maturation. Source
Which lymphatic structure contains macrophages to filter pathogens from lymph?
Lymph node
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus
Lymph nodes filter lymph as it passes through cortex and medulla regions, where macrophages and lymphocytes remove pathogens and debris. The spleen filters blood, while the thymus is for T cell maturation and tonsils guard the entrance of the pharynx. Source
Where are lacteals found in the body?
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine
Liver
Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine. They absorb dietary lipids packaged as chylomicrons and transport them into the lymphatic system. They are not present in the large intestine, stomach, or liver. Source
Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found in which location?
Red bone marrow
Peyer's patches are in the small intestine
Spleen
Thymus
Peyer's patches are aggregated lymphoid nodules located in the ileum of the small intestine. They monitor gut antigens and contribute to mucosal immunity. They are part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Source
Which of the following is a component of innate immunity?
Phagocytosis by neutrophils
Immune memory formation
T lymphocyte activation
B cell antibody production
Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defenses such as phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Antibody production, T lymphocyte activation, and memory formation are hallmarks of adaptive immunity. Source
Which cell type is typically the first phagocyte to arrive at an infection site?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Macrophage
Dendritic cell
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes and are rapidly recruited to infection sites for early phagocytosis. Macrophages and dendritic cells arrive later to sustain the response and present antigens. Source
Which organ is responsible for filtering old or damaged red blood cells?
Spleen
Lymph node
Thymus
Bone marrow
The spleen contains red pulp where old or damaged erythrocytes are removed by macrophages. It also filters bloodborne pathogens and stores platelets. The thymus and lymph nodes do not perform this function. Source
Lymphatic vessels begin as what type of structures in tissues?
Blind-ended capillaries
Arterioles
Collecting ducts
Venules
Lymphatic capillaries are blind?ended vessels that collect excess interstitial fluid. They merge to form larger lymphatic vessels and eventually ducts. They are not connected to arterioles or venules directly. Source
What fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries to become lymph?
Plasma
Serum
Interstitial fluid
Chyle
Interstitial fluid is the extracellular fluid that bathes tissue cells. When it enters lymphatic capillaries, it is called lymph. Chyle is lymph enriched with lipids from the digestive tract. Source
MHC class II molecules are expressed on which cell type?
All nucleated cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
Antigen-presenting cells
MHC class II is found primarily on professional antigen?presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. These molecules present exogenous peptides to CD4+ T helper cells. Other cells do not express MHC II. Source
Which immunoglobulin class can cross the placenta?
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgG is the only antibody class that can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus. IgM is too large, IgA is prevalent in secretions, and IgE is involved in allergy. Source
Which cell type produces antibodies?
Macrophage
Natural killer cell
Neutrophil
Plasma cell
Plasma cells are differentiated B lymphocytes that secrete large quantities of antibodies. Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes, and NK cells are lymphocytes that mediate innate cytotoxicity. Source
What term describes signaling proteins that modulate immune cell activity?
Neurotransmitters
Antigens
Cytokines
Hormones
Cytokines are small proteins secreted by various cells that regulate immune responses, cell growth, and inflammation. Antigens provoke immune responses, whereas hormones and neurotransmitters have broader physiological roles. Source
Where do B cells mature?
Lymph node
Spleen
Bone marrow
Thymus
B cells undergo maturation and negative selection in the bone marrow before entering circulation. The spleen and lymph nodes are sites of activation, not primary maturation. Source
Which lymph nodes drain the arm and axilla region?
Inguinal lymph nodes
Mesenteric lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes
Cervical lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes collect lymph from the upper limb, lateral thoracic wall, and pectoral region. Inguinal drain lower limbs, cervical drain head and neck, and mesenteric drain the gut. Source
The term 'lymphedema' refers to:
Inflammation of lymph nodes
Rupture of lymphatic vessels
Accumulation of lymph causing tissue swelling
Generalized fluid overload
Lymphedema is localized tissue swelling due to impaired lymphatic drainage. It results in protein-rich fluid accumulation and frequent infections. Generalized fluid overload is edema, distinct from lymphedema. Source
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are part of which immune system?
Complement system
Coagulation cascade
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
PRRs such as Toll-like receptors detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are fundamental to innate immune responses. They activate immediate defense mechanisms before adaptive immunity kicks in. Source
Which complement pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes?
Alternative pathway
Classical pathway
Inflammatory pathway
Lectin pathway
The classical complement pathway is triggered by C1 binding to antibodies that have attached to antigens, leading to a proteolytic cascade. The alternative and lectin pathways do not require antibodies. Source
Which cell is a professional antigen-presenting cell?
Erythrocyte
Epithelial cell
Fibroblast
Dendritic cell
Dendritic cells excel at processing and presenting antigen on MHC class II to naïve T cells. While many cells can present antigens, dendritic cells are the most potent professional APCs. Source
Which cell type mediates antibody-independent killing of virus-infected cells?
Macrophage
Dendritic cell
Natural killer cell
B cell
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize stressed or infected cells lacking MHC I and induce apoptosis without prior sensitization or antibodies. B cells produce antibodies, while macrophages primarily phagocytose. Source
MHC class I molecules present antigens to which T cell subset?
B cells
CD4+ T cells
CD8+ T cells
NK cells
MHC class I presents endogenous peptides to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. MHC II presents to CD4+ helper T cells. B cells and NK cells are not primary recipients. Source
Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in mucosal secretions?
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgM
Secretory IgA is the predominant antibody in mucosal secretions, protecting epithelial barriers by neutralizing pathogens. IgG is abundant in serum, IgM is the first responder, and IgE is involved in allergy and parasite defense. Source
Type I hypersensitivity is also known as:
Immediate hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Immune complex hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and occurs within minutes of antigen exposure. Examples include allergic rhinitis and anaphylaxis. Delayed reactions are Type IV. Source
Which region of an antibody binds to an antigen?
Hinge region
Variable region
Constant region
Fc region
The variable regions of heavy and light chains form the antigen-binding site, providing specificity. The Fc (constant) region mediates effector functions by binding Fc receptors. Source
Fever is induced by which substances released by immune cells?
Pyrogens
Interleukin-2
Histamines
Interferons
Endogenous pyrogens like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-? reset the hypothalamic thermostat, causing fever. Histamines mediate vasodilation, interferons have antiviral roles, and IL-2 drives T cell proliferation. Source
A vaccine composed of purified protein antigens is called a:
Inactivated vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Subunit vaccines use specific antigenic proteins to elicit immunity without whole pathogens. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins. Live attenuated contains weakened organism, inactivated uses killed pathogen. Source
Toll-like receptors are a type of:
Adaptive immune receptor
Complement protein
Coagulation factor
Innate immune receptor
Toll-like receptors detect conserved microbial molecules and trigger innate immune responses. They are not part of the adaptive system, complement cascade, or coagulation pathways. Source
What structure forms when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome?
Endosome
Autophagosome
Phagocyte
Phagolysosome
Phagolysosomes result from the fusion of phagosomes containing ingested microbes with lysosomes, enabling enzymatic degradation. Endosomes and autophagosomes are involved in other intracellular trafficking pathways. Source
The thoracic duct drains lymph from which regions of the body?
Entire body except the right upper quadrant
Right upper limb and right side of head
Left upper limb and left side of head
Lower limbs only
The thoracic duct collects lymph from both lower limbs, abdomen, left thorax, left upper limb, and left side of head and neck - effectively all body regions except the right lymphatic duct's territory. Source
MHC class II molecules present peptides derived from:
Extracellular antigens
Intracellular proteins
Mitochondrial proteins
Nuclear self-proteins
MHC II molecules present exogenous peptides taken up by endocytosis, typically from extracellular pathogens, to CD4+ T helper cells. MHC I handles peptides from cytosolic (intracellular) proteins. Source
A B cell receptor (BCR) is essentially the membrane-bound form of:
An antibody
A cytokine
Complement factor
Toll-like receptor
BCRs are membrane-bound immunoglobulins that recognize specific antigens. Upon activation, B cells secrete the soluble form as antibodies. They are not cytokines or complement proteins. Source
Somatic recombination during lymphocyte development affects which gene segments?
CD marker genes
TCR and BCR variable region gene segments
Cytokine genes
MHC gene segments
Somatic recombination rearranges V(D)J segments of T cell receptor and B cell receptor genes to generate receptor diversity. MHC and cytokine genes do not undergo this process. Source
During clonal selection, activated B cells differentiate into:
Plasma cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Clonal selection drives B cells that bind antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies or memory B cells. They do not become macrophages or NK cells. Source
The human major histocompatibility complex locus is known as:
IL-1
TCR
TLR
HLA
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex encodes MHC molecules. It is highly polymorphic and critical for antigen presentation. IL-1 and TLR are cytokine and receptor families, respectively. Source
Which cytokine has potent antiviral effects?
Interferon-alpha
TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-2
Type I interferons, including IFN-?, induce an antiviral state in cells by upregulating genes that inhibit viral replication. IL-1 is proinflammatory, IL-2 promotes T cell growth, and TNF-? mediates inflammation. Source
Class switching from IgM to IgG in B cells requires:
Insulin
Cytokine signals
Complement proteins
Histamine release
Cytokines such as IL-4 and IFN-? direct class switch recombination in activated B cells to produce different antibody isotypes like IgG or IgE. Complement and hormones do not mediate this process. Source
Graft rejection is primarily mediated by which cells?
Neutrophils
B cells
T cells
Basophils
Host T lymphocytes recognize non-self MHC on the graft and orchestrate rejection via cytotoxic and helper functions. B cells and other innate cells play lesser roles. Source
Central tolerance of developing T cells occurs in the:
Lymph node
Bone marrow
Spleen
Thymus
The thymus exposes immature T cells to self-antigens; those reacting too strongly undergo apoptosis (negative selection) to ensure self-tolerance. This central tolerance prevents autoimmunity. Source
CD19 is a surface marker characteristic of which cell type?
T cells
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
B cells
CD19 is expressed throughout B cell development until plasma cell differentiation and is widely used as a B cell lineage marker. T cells express CD3, CD4, or CD8. Source
The membrane attack complex is formed by which complement components?
C3a - C5a
C5b - C9
C1 - C4
C2b - C3b
The terminal complement cascade assembles C5b, C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9 molecules to form the membrane attack complex (MAC) that lyses target cells. C1 - C4 are involved in activation steps. Source
Receptor editing to eliminate self-reactivity occurs in:
T cells
Natural killer cells
B cells
Macrophages
If immature B cells bind self-antigen too strongly, they can undergo receptor editing in the bone marrow to alter light chain genes and reduce autoreactivity. T cells do not perform receptor editing. Source
IgE antibodies primarily defend against:
Viruses
Fungi
Bacteria
Parasites
IgE binds to allergens and parasites, triggering mast cell degranulation to expel helminths. It also mediates allergy symptoms. Other pathogens are targeted by different isotypes. Source
Positive selection of T cells ensures they recognize:
Cytokines
Self MHC molecules
Foreign antigens only
Self-peptides exclusively
Positive selection in the thymic cortex tests whether immature T cells can bind self-MHC molecules with adequate affinity. Cells that cannot bind self-MHC undergo apoptosis. Source
T cell receptors typically recognize peptide epitopes of what length?
50 - 60 amino acids
1 - 2 amino acids
20 - 30 amino acids
8 - 10 amino acids
MHC class I - presented peptides are generally 8 - 10 amino acids long and are recognized by T cell receptors. Longer peptides are typically processed or trimmed before presentation. Source
The AIRE gene is crucial for self-tolerance and is expressed in:
Splenic dendritic cells
Cortical thymic epithelial cells
Medullary thymic epithelial cells
Bone marrow stromal cells
AIRE (autoimmune regulator) in medullary thymic epithelial cells induces expression of tissue-specific antigens, leading to deletion of autoreactive T cells and enforcing central tolerance. Source
Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes occurs in:
Germinal centers of lymph nodes
Red pulp of spleen
Thymus
Bone marrow
Activated B cells migrate to germinal centers, where activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) introduces mutations into immunoglobulin variable regions to increase antibody affinity. Source
Determination of CD4 versus CD8 lineage in T cells is governed by:
Cytokine milieu during activation
Expression of CD28
Binding to MHC II versus MHC I
Strength of TCR signaling alone
During positive selection, thymocytes that bind MHC I commit to the CD8 lineage, whereas those that bind MHC II commit to CD4 lineage. Cytokines and co-receptors refine this decision. Source
Interleukin-12 favors differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into which subset?
Th1 cells
T regulatory cells
Th17 cells
Th2 cells
IL-12, produced by APCs, drives naïve CD4+ T cells toward a Th1 phenotype characterized by IFN-? production and cell-mediated immunity. Other cytokines direct alternate lineages. Source
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is characterized by absence of:
B cells only
Both T and B cells
T cells only
Natural killer cells only
SCID disorders lead to defects in both T and B lymphocyte development, resulting in profound combined immunodeficiency. NK cells may also be affected in some forms. Source
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Study Outcomes

  1. Understand Non-Specific Cellular Resistance Mechanisms -

    Describe how non-specific defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation protect against pathogens at the cellular level.

  2. Differentiate Lymph vs Interstitial Fluid -

    Compare the composition, location, and functions of lymphatic fluid and interstitial fluid within body tissues.

  3. Analyze Functions of the Lymphatic System -

    Explain how lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and related organs maintain fluid balance and support immune surveillance.

  4. Identify Key Components of the Immune System -

    Recognize the roles of immune cells, antibodies, and lymphoid organs in both innate and adaptive immunity.

  5. Explain Innate and Adaptive Immunity Interactions -

    Illustrate how innate responses initiate defense and how adaptive immunity provides targeted, long-term protection.

  6. Apply Insights Through the Lymphatic System and Immunity Quiz -

    Test your mastery of core concepts in this lymphatic system and immunity quiz and pinpoint areas for further study.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Innate Cellular Defenses -

    Focus on non-specific mechanisms like phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils, NK cell activity, and the complement cascade - as highlighted by sources such as Janeway's Immunobiology. Use the mnemonic "NK PFC" (Natural Killers, Phagocytes, Fever, Complement) to recall which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism. Reviewing this will give you a confidence boost for your lymphatic system and immunity quiz!

  2. Core Functions of the Lymphatic System -

    The primary roles include maintaining fluid balance by returning ~3 L of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream daily, absorbing dietary lipids via intestinal lacteals, and transporting immune cells through lymphatic vessels. University of Michigan Anatomy notes list fluid homeostasis, lipid uptake, and immune surveillance as the three Fs - Fluid, Fat, and Fight. Remember "Lymph FFL" for quick recall: Fluid, Fats, Lymphocyte transport.

  3. Lymph vs Interstitial Fluid -

    Though both originate from filtered plasma, interstitial fluid bathes tissues directly and has lower protein content, whereas lymph resides within lymphatic vessels and contains lymphocytes and higher protein levels. According to Harvard Medical School, shifting pressure and colloid osmotic gradients drive interstitial fluid into initial lymphatics. Picture interstitial fluid as the "waiting room" and lymph as the "shuttle bus" returning it to circulation.

  4. Lymph Node Architecture & Antigen Filtering -

    Lymph nodes filter lymph through organized compartments - cortex for B cells in follicles, paracortex for T cells, and medullary cords for macrophages - facilitating antigen presentation and clonal expansion. The CDC emphasizes nodes as critical checkpoints, trapping pathogens and debris as lymph flows through sinuses. Think of each node as a security checkpoint: "Identify, Present, Expand!"

  5. Adaptive Immunity & Key Cellular Players -

    The adaptive response hinges on helper T cells (CD4+) orchestrating immunity, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) eliminating infected cells, and B cells producing specific antibodies. Antibody Y-shaped structure comprises two heavy and two light chains; recall "2H + 2L" for heavy and light. Oxford Immunology reviews highlight memory cell formation as essential for rapid response on second exposure - your secret weapon on the quiz!

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