Calling all med students and curious minds! Ready to challenge your expertise with an inflammation quiz designed to sharpen your understanding of the pathology of inflammation? This free trivia inflammation quiz doubles as a pathology of inflammation quiz, covering everything from acute responses to the classic question: strep throat and bacterial pneumonia are examples of __________. Dive into our Pathophysiology of Inflammation Quiz to explore key inflammation pathology questions and strengthen your clinical insights. Then compare scores with peers in our companion pathology quiz . Take the challenge now and master every inflammatory mechanism!
Which cardinal sign of inflammation is characterized by redness due to increased blood flow?
Tumor
Rubor
Calor
Dolor
Rubor refers to the redness seen in inflammation and is caused by vasodilation and increased perfusion of blood in the microvasculature. This is one of the classic cardinal signs described by Celsus. Vasodilatory mediators such as histamine and nitric oxide are responsible. Learn more.
What cell type is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
Fibroblasts
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils are the primary leukocytes that accumulate in tissues during acute inflammation due to their ability to rapidly respond to chemotactic signals. They phagocytose pathogens and release reactive oxygen species. Their predominance distinguishes acute from chronic inflammation. Learn more.
Which mediator stored in mast cells causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability in inflammation?
TNF-alpha
Prostaglandin E2
Leukotriene B4
Histamine
Histamine is preformed in mast cell granules and is released immediately upon degranulation, causing vasodilation and increased permeability of post-capillary venules. This leads to the classic swelling and redness of inflammation. Learn more.
Which pathogen most commonly causes streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)?
Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis, presenting with sore throat, fever, and exudates. Accurate diagnosis guides antibiotic therapy to prevent complications. Learn more.
Which exudate type is characterized by thin, watery fluid with low protein content?
Purulent exudate
Hemorrhagic exudate
Serous exudate
Fibrinous exudate
Serous exudate is a clear, protein-poor fluid often seen in early inflammation or mild injuries such as blister formation. It lacks the fibrin strands of fibrinous exudate. Learn more.
What is the typical first step in leukocyte extravasation during acute inflammation?
Opsonization
Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
Margination and rolling
The initial step of leukocyte extravasation involves marginalization and rolling along the vascular endothelium mediated by selectins. This slows the cells before firm adhesion. Learn more.
Which mediator is primarily responsible for the heat (calor) in inflammation?
Leukotriene C4
Interleukin-10
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins, particularly PGE2, raise the local temperature in inflamed tissues by increasing blood flow and acting on local thermoregulatory centers. This contributes to the calor sign of inflammation. Learn more.
In acute pneumonia, what type of exudate fills alveolar spaces?
Fibrinous exudate
Serous exudate
Serosanguinous exudate
Purulent exudate
Acute bacterial pneumonia typically produces purulent exudate rich in neutrophils filling alveoli and causing consolidation. This is characteristic of lobar pneumonia. Learn more.
Which chemical mediator causes pain (dolor) in inflammation by sensitizing nerve endings?
IL-1
Platelet-activating factor
Bradykinin
Histamine
Bradykinin directly stimulates pain receptors and increases vascular permeability. It is one of the primary mediators of the dolor sign in inflammation. Learn more.
What term describes the movement of leukocytes toward a chemical gradient at the site of injury?
Chemotaxis
Emigration
Phagocytosis
Opsonization
Chemotaxis is the directed movement of leukocytes along a gradient of chemokines or other chemoattractants produced at inflammation sites. This brings cells to the focus of injury or infection. Learn more.
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Induration
Calor
Rubor
Dolor
Induration, or hardening, is not one of the classic Celsus signs. The cardinal signs are rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, and functio laesa (loss of function). Learn more.
Which cytokine is a major mediator of fever and stimulates acute phase protein synthesis?
IL-10
Interferon-gamma
IL-2
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
IL-6 is produced by macrophages and T cells and acts on the hypothalamus to induce fever. It also stimulates the liver to produce acute phase reactants like C-reactive protein. Learn more.
Which selectin is upregulated by IL-1 and TNF on endothelial cells during inflammation?
S-selectin
P-selectin
L-selectin
E-selectin
E-selectin is induced on endothelial cells by IL-1 and TNF, mediating leukocyte rolling. P-selectin is preformed in Weibel-Palade bodies and rapidly released. Learn more.
Which complement cleavage product is a potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils?
C4a
C5a
C2a
C3b
C5a is one of the most powerful anaphylatoxins and chemoattractants, recruiting neutrophils to the site of complement activation. Learn more.
What molecule coats pathogens to enhance phagocytosis by macrophages?
Cytokine
Selectin
Leukotriene
Opsonin
Opsonins like IgG or C3b bind to pathogens and facilitate recognition by phagocytic receptors on macrophages and neutrophils, enhancing ingestion. Learn more.
Which mediator is generated by the kallikrein-kinin system and increases vascular permeability and pain?
Interleukin-8
Bradykinin
Thromboxane A2
Platelet-activating factor
Bradykinin is produced from kininogen by kallikrein and contributes to vasodilation, increased permeability, and pain sensation during inflammation. Learn more.
Which acute phase protein is measured clinically as a marker of inflammation?
Albumin
Transferrin
Fibrinogen
C-reactive protein (CRP)
CRP levels rise rapidly in response to IL-6 and are used clinically to assess inflammation and infection. It binds to phosphocholine on dead cells and bacteria for opsonization. Learn more.
During leukocyte extravasation, which integrin on neutrophils binds ICAM-1 on endothelium for firm adhesion?
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1)
LFA-1
Selectin P
VCAM-1
CD11b/CD18, also known as Mac-1, is an integrin on neutrophils that binds ICAM-1 on activated endothelium, facilitating firm adhesion and subsequent transmigration. Learn more.
Which cytokine pair is most important for granuloma formation in chronic inflammation?
TNF-alpha and IL-1
IL-10 and TGF-beta
IL-4 and IL-5
IFN-gamma and IL-12
IFN-gamma activates macrophages, and IL-12 from macrophages promotes Th1 differentiation, both critical in orchestrating granuloma formation to contain persistent pathogens. Learn more.
What histological feature defines chronic inflammation rather than acute inflammation?
Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
Vasodilation only
Edema without cells
Neutrophil predominance
Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltrates, primarily macrophages and lymphocytes, often accompanied by tissue destruction and repair with fibrosis. Learn more.
Which receptor family recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns to initiate inflammation?
Fc receptors
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
NOD-like receptors
Lectin receptors
Toll-like receptors on innate immune cells detect PAMPs such as LPS and flagellin, triggering NF-kB activation and production of inflammatory cytokines. Learn more.
Which acute inflammatory exudate is rich in fibrin leading to a thick, sticky meshwork?
Fibrinous exudate
Serous exudate
Suppurative exudate
Catarrhal exudate
Fibrinous exudate contains large amounts of fibrinogen that polymerize into fibrin, producing a thick, fibrous layer often seen on serous membranes. Learn more.
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in inflammation is primarily due to increased levels of which plasma protein?
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Transferrin
Globulin
High fibrinogen levels increase red cell aggregation, which speeds up the sedimentation rate, making ESR a nonspecific marker of inflammation. Learn more.
Which lipid mediator derived from arachidonic acid is most responsible for neutrophil chemotaxis?
Thromboxane A2
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)
Leukotriene C4
Prostaglandin D2
LTB4 is produced via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in leukocytes and is a potent chemotactic agent that recruits neutrophils. Learn more.
Which intracellular complex activates IL-1? and IL-18 in response to pathogens and cell damage?
TLR4 complex
Proteasome
NLRP3 inflammasome
Apoptosome
The NLRP3 inflammasome senses cellular stress signals and assembles to activate caspase-1, which processes pro-IL-1? and pro-IL-18 into active cytokines. Learn more.
In lobar pneumonia, which phase is characterized by a red, firm lung with fibrinous exudate in alveolar spaces?
Congestion
Gray hepatization
Red hepatization
Resolution
Red hepatization follows congestion and demonstrates exudation of red cells, neutrophils, and fibrin into alveoli, giving the lung a red, firm appearance. Learn more.
Which adhesion molecule deficiency leads to leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I, causing delayed wound healing?
P-selectin
CD18 (?2 integrin)
ICAM-1
E-selectin
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I is caused by mutations in the ?2 integrin subunit CD18, impairing firm adhesion and migration of leukocytes. Learn more.
Which process in chronic inflammation involves transformation of exudate into fibrous scar tissue?
Abscess formation
Organization
Suppuration
Resolution
Organization is the process where granulation tissue replaces exudate or necrotic debris and eventually matures into fibrous scar. Learn more.
Which anaphylatoxin increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction?
C2a
C5b
C3b
C3a
C3a binds to receptors on mast cells causing histamine release, increasing vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction. Learn more.
Which reactive oxygen species is produced by NADPH oxidase in phagocytes during the respiratory burst?
Singlet oxygen
Superoxide anion (O2?)
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radical
NADPH oxidase generates superoxide anion, which may dismutate into hydrogen peroxide and other reactive species during the respiratory burst to kill engulfed microbes. Learn more.
Which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical for degradation of extracellular matrix during inflammation?
Collagenase-3
Membrane-type MMPs
Stromelysins (MMP-3)
Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9)
Gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 degrade denatured collagen (gelatin) and type IV collagen in basement membranes, facilitating leukocyte migration and tissue remodeling. Learn more.
Which nitric oxide synthase isoform is induced in macrophages during inflammation?
iNOS (inducible NOS)
nNOS (neuronal NOS)
eNOS (endothelial NOS)
mitochondrial NOS
iNOS is upregulated in macrophages by cytokines such as IFN-gamma and produces large amounts of NO, contributing to microbial killing and vasodilation. Learn more.
In strep throat, which histopathologic feature is most characteristic on tonsil biopsy?
Non-caseating granulomas
Lymphoid hyperplasia only
Fibrinoid necrosis
Neutrophilic exudates and crypt abscesses
Acute streptococcal tonsillitis shows neutrophils filling crypts forming abscesses and surface exudates. This distinguishes it from chronic reactive hyperplasia. Learn more.
Which cytokine downregulates inflammation by inhibiting IL-1 and TNF production?
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and Tregs that suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production and antigen presentation. Learn more.
NLRP3 inflammasome activation is triggered by all EXCEPT which stimulus?
ATP-mediated K+ efflux
Amyloid-beta fibrils
Complex viral DNA
Crystalline uric acid
Complex viral DNA is sensed by AIM2 inflammasome rather than NLRP3. NLRP3 responds to K+ efflux, uric acid crystals, amyloid-beta, and other danger signals. Learn more.
Which chemokine receptor-ligand pair is critical for neutrophil recruitment in acute inflammation?
CCL5 and CCR5
CXCL10 and CXCR3
CCL2 and CCR2
CXCL8 (IL-8) and CXCR1/2
IL-8 (CXCL8) binds CXCR1 and CXCR2 on neutrophils, directing their migration to sites of acute inflammation. Other chemokines recruit monocytes or lymphocytes. Learn more.
Which transcription factor is central to upregulating inflammatory genes like IL-1 and TNF in macrophages?
STAT3
NF-?B
HIF-1?
AP-1
NF-?B is activated downstream of TLRs and cytokine receptors to transcribe multiple inflammatory genes, including IL-1, TNF, and COX-2. Learn more.
Which signal is least involved in the classical pathway of macrophage activation (M1 polarization)?
TNF-alpha
LPS
IL-4
IFN-gamma
IL-4 drives alternative (M2) macrophage activation. Classical M1 activation is induced by IFN-gamma and microbial products like LPS, often with TNF-alpha. Learn more.
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AI Study Notes
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Study Outcomes
Identify Key Inflammatory Signs -
Recognize the cardinal signs of inflammation, such as redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function, to assess acute immune responses in clinical scenarios.
Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation -
Compare the cellular and molecular differences between acute and chronic inflammation, enabling you to classify pathological processes accurately.
Classify Specific Immune Responses -
Determine how strep throat and bacterial pneumonia are examples of specific immune reactions by linking pathogens to characteristic inflammatory patterns.
Analyze Inflammatory Pathways -
Trace the roles of key mediators like histamine, cytokines, and chemokines in driving the inflammatory cascade and guiding tissue repair.
Apply Knowledge in Quiz Scenarios -
Use your understanding of inflammation pathology to answer targeted quiz questions and reinforce learning through interactive trivia challenges.
Cheat Sheet
Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation -
Use the "PRISH" mnemonic - Pain, Redness, Immobility, Swelling, Heat - to recall the five classic signs defined by Celsus and Galen. Each sign arises from vascular changes and nociceptor activation, key topics in any inflammation quiz. Mastering these will sharpen your pathology of inflammation quiz performance.
Microvascular Changes & Exudate Formation -
Vasodilation and increased permeability drive fluid leakage; the Starling equation (Filtration = [Pc - Pi] - σ[πc - πi]) explains net fluid movement across capillaries. Histamine, nitric oxide, and bradykinin mediate these processes (Robbins & Cotran, 10th ed.). Practice linking mediator to effect in inflammation pathology questions.
Leukocyte Recruitment Cascade -
Leukocyte extravasation follows four steps: margination, rolling (selectins), adhesion (integrins), and transmigration (PECAM-1). IL-8 and other chemokines guide chemotaxis toward injury sites. Quizzing on each step solidifies understanding of acute versus chronic responses.
Chemical Mediators & Arachidonic Acid Pathway -
Arachidonic acid is released by phospholipase A2 and then converted via COX to prostaglandins or via 5-LOX to leukotrienes. NSAIDs block COX enzymes, reducing PGE2-mediated pain and fever (Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2018). A simple tip: "PLATE" for Phospholipase, Leukotrienes, Aspirin, Thromboxane, Eicosanoids.
Classification of Inflammation & Clinical Examples -
Inflammation can be serous, fibrinous, purulent, or ulcerative based on exudate type and tissue damage. Strep throat and bacterial pneumonia are examples of acute purulent inflammation driven by neutrophil-rich exudates. Remembering clinical cases boosts recall during any inflammation quiz.
