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Quizzes > Health & Medicine > Human Anatomy & Medicine

Ready to Master Chapter 11 Properties of the Hair & Scalp? Take the Quiz!

Tackle Milady Chapter 11 review questions! Discover if you know why extremely curly hair does not typically retain moisture and master your workbook answers.

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration for Hair and Scalp Properties quiz on dark blue background

Calling all future stylists and beauty pros! Ready to master the chapter 11 properties of the hair and scalp? Our free Hair & Scalp Properties quiz puts you to the test with chapter 11 review questions milady - discover why hair is approximately 90 percent protein and how porosity, density and elasticity define every strand. Explore trichoptilosis, living cells that form the hair strand, and why extremely curly hair does not typically behave like straight or wavy textures. Whether you're hunting milady chapter 11 workbook answers or brushing up before class, this quick challenge sharpens your skills and boosts your confidence. Get instant feedback and see where you stand. Dive in and start conquering your cosmetology goals now with our hair porosity quiz!

What is the primary protein that makes up human hair?
Elastin
Collagen
Melanin
Keratin
Hair is composed mostly of keratin, a fibrous structural protein that provides strength and resilience. Keratin is also found in nails and the outer layer of skin, protecting tissues from damage or stress. This protein's structure gives hair its toughness and elasticity. Britannica: Hair Structure
Approximately what percentage of hair's composition is protein?
100%
70%
50%
90%
Hair is about 90% protein, primarily keratin, with the remaining 10% consisting of water, lipids, pigments, and trace elements. This high protein content is what gives hair its structure and strength. Protein deficiencies can lead to weakened hair and increased breakage. InterNACHI: Hair Porosity
Which layer of the hair shaft is the outermost protective layer?
Medulla
Follicle
Cuticle
Cortex
The cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair shaft, made of overlapping scale-like cells that protect the inner cortex and medulla. Its integrity is crucial for hair shine and smoothness. Damage to the cuticle leads to porosity and dull hair. Britannica: Cuticle Anatomy
Which layer of the hair shaft contains the pigment that gives hair its color?
Cortex
Cuticle
Medulla
Dermal Papilla
Melanin, the pigment responsible for hair color, is located in the cortex layer. The distribution, type, and concentration of melanin in the cortex determine hair shade. The cuticle protects these pigmented cells from environmental damage. Britannica: Melanin
What does hair porosity refer to?
The hair's ability to absorb and retain moisture
The amount of pigment in hair
The thickness of the hair shaft
The speed of hair growth
Porosity describes how easily hair absorbs and retains moisture, determined by the condition of the cuticle layer. High-porosity hair absorbs moisture quickly but loses it just as fast, while low-porosity hair resists moisture uptake. Understanding porosity guides proper hair care. InterNACHI: Hair Porosity
What does hair density measure?
The weight of a single hair strand
The porosity level
The number of hydrogen bonds
The number of hairs per square inch on the scalp
Density refers to the number of hair fibers per square inch on the scalp, affecting the visual fullness of hair. Higher density means more strands and typically a fuller appearance. Density is influenced by genetics and hormones. Britannica: Hair Density
Which phase of hair growth is the active growing stage?
Catagen
Telogen
Anagen
Exogen
Anagen is the active growth phase where cells in the hair bulb are rapidly dividing, producing new hair. This phase can last from two to seven years, determining hair length. About 85 - 90% of scalp hairs are in anagen at any time. Healthline: Hair Growth Cycle
What is the resting phase of hair growth called?
Telogen
Exogen
Anagen
Catagen
Telogen is the resting or shedding phase of the hair cycle during which the follicle is inactive before the hair is released. It lasts about 2 - 3 months. Approximately 10 - 15% of hairs are in telogen at any given time. Healthline: Hair Growth Cycle
What property describes hair's ability to stretch and return to its original length without breaking?
Porosity
Diameter
Elasticity
Density
Elasticity refers to hair's ability to stretch under tension and return to its original length without breaking. Healthy hair can stretch up to 20 - 30% when wet and 10 - 15% when dry. It's an indicator of hair strength and flexibility. Britannica: Hair Properties
Which scalp condition is characterized by visible white flakes and itching?
Hypertrichosis
Psoriasis
Dandruff
Alopecia
Dandruff (pityriasis capitis) presents with white flakes and itching due to accelerated turnover of skin cells on the scalp. It can be aggravated by dry skin, sensitivity to hair products, or yeast overgrowth. Proper medicated shampoos help control flaking. Mayo Clinic: Dandruff
What does low-porosity hair indicate?
It sheds excessively
It absorbs moisture very easily
It resists moisture absorption
It has no cuticle layer
Low-porosity hair has tightly bound cuticles that lie flat, resisting moisture absorption. It often takes longer to wet and requires heat to help treatments penetrate. Products formulated to open the cuticle improve moisture uptake. InterNACHI: Hair Porosity
What natural oil does the scalp produce to lubricate hair and skin?
Sebum
Melanin
Ceramide
Cerumen
Sebum is an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in the scalp that moisturizes hair and skin. It helps maintain scalp health and provides a natural barrier against environmental factors. Overproduction can lead to oily hair and scalp issues. Britannica: Sebum
What effect does a chemical relaxing treatment typically have on hair porosity?
It increases porosity by raising cuticles
It decreases porosity by sealing cuticles
It replaces cortical proteins
It leaves porosity unchanged
Chemical relaxing treatments break and rearrange disulfide bonds in the cortex and lift the cuticle, increasing hair porosity. This makes hair more susceptible to moisture loss and damage if not properly conditioned. Post-treatment care includes protein and moisture replenishment. Healthline: Relaxer Effects
Which pigment type is responsible for red and blonde hair shades?
Pheomelanin
Eumelanin
Neuromelanin
Allomelanin
Pheomelanin is the pigment that produces red and blonde hues in hair, while eumelanin yields brown and black shades. The ratio and concentration of these melanins determine individual hair color. Variations can be due to genetics or aging. Britannica: Melanin
What is the technical term for split ends?
Trichoptilosis
Monilethrix
Alopecia universalis
Trichorrhexis nodosa
Split ends are called trichoptilosis, characterized by longitudinal splitting of the hair shaft. Caused by mechanical stress, heat, and chemical damage, split ends compromise hair strength. Regular trimming prevents further splitting. NCBI: Trichoptilosis
A deficiency in which vitamin is commonly linked to hair loss and thinning?
Vitamin K
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Biotin (vitamin B7) plays a crucial role in keratin production, and deficiency can lead to brittle hair, thinning, and hair loss. Supplementation often improves hair strength and growth in deficient individuals. A balanced diet usually provides adequate biotin. NCBI: Biotin and Hair
Which layer is often absent in fine or light-colored hair?
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle
Hair follicle
The medulla, the innermost hair layer, is often absent in fine, light-colored, or thin hair types. When present, it consists of soft, spongy cells and air pockets. Its absence does not significantly weaken hair structure. Britannica: Medulla
High-porosity hair often exhibits which characteristic?
Raised, damaged cuticles
Smooth, flat cuticles
Low elasticity when wet
Uniform moisture retention
High-porosity hair has raised or damaged cuticles, allowing moisture to enter and escape rapidly. This leads to dryness, frizz, and potential brittleness. Proper conditioning and sealing products help smooth the cuticle. InterNACHI: Hair Porosity
What is the normal pH range of healthy hair and scalp?
4.5 - 5.5
2.0 - 3.0
7.0 - 8.0
9.0 - 10.0
Healthy hair and scalp have an acidic pH range of 4.5 - 5.5, which helps keep the cuticle closed and the scalp microbiome balanced. Alkaline products can lift the cuticle, leading to damage and dryness. Acidic rinses help restore normal pH. NCBI: Scalp pH
Which scalp infection is commonly referred to as ringworm of the scalp?
Folliculitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Tinea capitis
Psoriasis
Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp known as ringworm, causing scaly patches, hair loss, and itching. It is caused by dermatophytes like Microsporum and Trichophyton species. Treatment includes systemic antifungals. CDC: Tinea Capitis
Which chemical bond forms the primary structure of keratin chains in hair?
Disulfide bonds
Salt bonds
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Peptide bonds link amino acids in polypeptide chains to form keratin's primary structure. These covalent bonds are strong and stabilize the protein's backbone. Disulfide and hydrogen bonds further shape keratin's higher-order structures. Britannica: Peptide Bond
Excessive sweating of the scalp is known as what condition?
Hirsutism
Hyperhidrosis
Hypohidrosis
Hypertrichosis
Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating, which can affect the scalp and lead to discomfort, odor, and potential bacterial overgrowth. Treatments include topical antiperspirants, botulinum toxin injections, or systemic medications. Identifying triggers helps manage symptoms. Healthline: Hyperhidrosis
Alopecia areata is characterized by which of the following?
Complete scalp scarring
Excessive hair growth
Gradual overall thinning of hair
Sudden patchy hair loss
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder resulting in sudden, well-defined patches of hair loss. It can progress to total scalp (alopecia totalis) or body hair loss (alopecia universalis). Treatment may include corticosteroids or immunotherapy. NIAMS: Alopecia Areata
Which layer of hair provides most of its mechanical strength and elasticity?
Cortex
Cuticle
Keratinocyte layer
Medulla
The cortex makes up the bulk of the hair shaft, containing fibrous keratin and melanin granules. It determines hair's mechanical strength, elasticity, and color. Damage to the cortex leads to weakness and breakage. Britannica: Hair Structure
Approximately how many hairs does the average human scalp have?
500,000
50,000
100,000
200,000
On average, the human scalp has around 100,000 hair follicles, though this can vary with natural hair color and genetics. Redheads have fewer (around 90,000), blondes more (around 150,000). Follicle count affects perceived hair density. Britannica: Hair Density
Which melanin type predominates in dark brown or black hair?
Pheomelanin
Neuromelanin
Allomelanin
Eumelanin
Eumelanin is the dominant pigment in dark brown and black hair, providing rich, deep color and better UV protection. Higher concentrations of eumelanin yield darker hair shades. Pheomelanin is more prevalent in red and blonde hair. Britannica: Melanin
Which term describes the diameter of an individual hair strand?
Porosity
Density
Elasticity
Texture
Texture refers to the thickness or diameter of an individual hair strand (fine, medium, or coarse). It is measured in microns and affects how hair feels and styles. Texture differs from density, which is hair count per area. Britannica: Hair Texture
Which scalp disorder is characterized by red, inflamed, and oily patches covered with yellow scales?
Psoriasis
Telogen effluvium
Tinea capitis
Alopecia areata
Scalp psoriasis presents with red, inflamed patches topped by silvery-yellow scales and can cause itching or soreness. It is a chronic autoimmune condition managed with topical treatments and phototherapy. Distinct from seborrheic dermatitis by scale color and depth. Mayo Clinic: Psoriasis
What instrument is used to measure the diameter of a hair strand in trichology?
Trichoscope
Micrometer
Tensiometer
Porosimeter
A micrometer is used to precisely measure hair strand diameter in microns, helping classify texture. Tensiometers measure force vs. elongation, while trichoscopes visualize the scalp and follicles. Accurate measurement guides product and treatment selection. NCBI: Hair Analysis
Which type of bond in hair is primarily broken by water and heat during styling?
Disulfide bonds
Salt bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between keratin chains and are easily broken by water and heat, allowing hair to be reshaped. These bonds reform as hair dries or cools, which is the basis of wet styling. Disulfide bonds require chemical treatment to break. Britannica: Hair Chemistry
Which treatment helps to temporarily close raised cuticle scales and reduce porosity?
Acidic rinse
Alkaline shampoo
Bleaching
Protein relaxer
Acidic rinses with a pH below 5.5 help seal the cuticle, smoothing raised scales and reducing porosity. This restores hair's natural pH and improves shine and manageability. Alkaline products have the opposite effect. NCBI: Hair pH
Which lipids are integral components of the cell membrane complexes in hair?
Ceramides
Triglycerides
Sterols
Glycolipids
Ceramides are key lipids in the intracellular lipid matrix of the cuticle and cortex, helping maintain moisture barriers and structural integrity. They prevent transepidermal water loss and protect hair from environmental damage. Many conditioners include ceramides to strengthen hair. NCBI: Ceramides in Hair
What is the effect of a high pH solution on the hair cuticle?
It lifts and etches the cuticle
It neutralizes disulfide bonds
It colors the cortex
It tightens the cuticle
High pH (alkaline) solutions raise and swell the cuticle scales, making the hair more porous and receptive to chemical treatments but also more prone to damage. This principle underlies hair coloring and relaxing processes. Lowering pH reseals the cuticle afterward. Britannica: Hair Chemistry
Which bond is reformed during the neutralization step after a permanent wave procedure?
Hydrogen bonds
Peptide bonds
Disulfide bonds
Salt bonds
During a perm neutralization, the oxidizing agent reforms disulfide bonds in their new configuration, setting the curl pattern. This step is crucial to lock in the permanent wave. Without proper neutralization, hair can be weak or incorrectly curled. Cosmetics Info: Disulfide Bonds
What role does the arrector pili muscle play in hair physiology?
Produces sebum
Contracts to make hair stand up
Absorbs nutrients
Stimulates hair growth
Arrector pili muscles are tiny muscles attached to hair follicles that contract in response to cold or emotional stimuli, causing hairs to stand up (goosebumps). This reaction helps trap air for insulation in many mammals. In humans, it's largely vestigial. Britannica: Arrector Pili
Which organism is primarily implicated in seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp?
Demodex mite
Staphylococcus aureus
Malassezia fungus
Candida albicans
Seborrheic dermatitis is linked to the overgrowth of Malassezia yeast on the oily scalp, triggering inflammation and scaling. Antifungal treatments help restore microbial balance. Seborrheic dermatitis differs from dandruff in severity and inflammation. NCBI: Seborrheic Dermatitis
How does UV radiation primarily damage hair fibers?
Breaking peptide bonds
Promoting sebum production
Increasing cuticle thickness
Oxidizing melanin and keratin
UV radiation oxidizes melanin and degrades keratin proteins, leading to color fading, dryness, and increased porosity. Protective products containing UV filters help prevent photo-damage. Overexposure results in brittle, weakened hair. NCBI: UV and Hair Damage
What is the primary diagnostic tool in trichoscopy?
Biopsy only
Dermoscopy of the scalp
Blood test
Scanning electron microscope
Trichoscopy uses dermoscopy to magnify and visualize hair shafts, follicle openings, and scalp skin in vivo. It helps diagnose alopecia types and scalp disorders noninvasively. High magnification and polarized light enhance detail. NCBI: Trichoscopy
Telogen effluvium is primarily caused by what?
Fungal infection of follicles
Hormonal changes or stress triggering follicles to enter telogen
Overproduction of sebum
Excessive UV exposure
Telogen effluvium is diffuse hair shedding due to a large number of follicles prematurely entering the telogen phase, often triggered by stress, hormonal shifts, or illness. Shedding typically occurs 2 - 3 months after the event. It is usually reversible. NCBI: Telogen Effluvium
How do silicones in hair products primarily benefit damaged hair?
They form a protective film on the cuticle
They break disulfide bonds
They penetrate deep into the cortex
They increase porosity
Silicones coat the hair cuticle with a lightweight, water-repellent film, smoothing the surface, reducing friction, and enhancing shine. This protective layer helps reduce damage from brushing and styling. They don't penetrate deeply but offer temporary benefits. NCBI: Silicones in Hair Care
What distinguishes ionic surfactants from non-ionic surfactants in shampoos?
Non-ionic surfactants damage hair cuticle
Non-ionic surfactants don't mix with water
Ionic surfactants are milder than non-ionic
Ionic surfactants carry charge and lather easily
Ionic surfactants carry positive or negative charges, which helps them bind to oils and dirt, producing rich lather. Non-ionic surfactants have no charge, are milder, and used in conditioning formulas. Choice affects cleansing strength and mildness. Britannica: Surfactants
What is the biochemical mechanism by which disulfide bonds form between keratin chains?
Formation of ionic bonds between amino groups
Hydrolysis of peptide bonds
Cross-linking via hydrogen bonding
Oxidation of two cysteine thiol groups to form cystine
Disulfide bonds are formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues' thiol (-SH) groups, resulting in a covalent cystine linkage that stabilizes keratin's tertiary and quaternary structures. This strong bond is responsible for hair's resilience and curl pattern. Reducing agents can break these bonds for chemical services. NCBI: Disulfide Bond Formation
How does high environmental humidity influence hydrogen bonding in hair?
It increases hydrogen bonds by drying the hair
It converts salt bonds to peptide bonds
It reduces hydrogen bonds by increasing water penetration
It has no effect on hair bonds
High humidity introduces more water molecules that disrupt internal hydrogen bonds in hair, causing strands to swell and lose their styled shape. Water separates keratin chains and weakens these bonds, leading to frizz. Controlling moisture is key to style longevity. Britannica: Hair Chemistry
Why do lower - molecular - weight penetrants condition high - porosity hair more effectively?
They form micelles on the surface
They bond via disulfide cross-links
They penetrate deeper through enlarged cuticle gaps
They increase hair pH
Low - molecular - weight conditioning agents more effectively penetrate the enlarged gaps between raised cuticle cells in high - porosity hair. This ensures deeper nourishment and repair of the cortex. Larger molecules tend to sit on the surface only. NCBI: Hair Conditioning
How does temperature influence the stability of hydrogen bonds in hair during styling?
Increased temperature breaks hydrogen bonds more readily
Temperature changes peptide bonds
Increased temperature strengthens hydrogen bonds
Temperature only affects disulfide bonds
Heat provides energy that disrupts hydrogen bonds between keratin chains, allowing hair to be reshaped when wet or with hot tools. As hair cools, hydrogen bonds reform, setting the new shape. Overheating can damage proteins irreversibly. Britannica: Hair Properties
What is the immunological basis of alopecia areata?
Autoimmune attack on hair follicle antigens
Viral infection of the scalp
Fungal colonization of follicles
Allergic reaction to sebum
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition where T-cells target hair follicle antigens, disrupting the normal hair cycle and causing non-scarring hair loss. Genetic predisposition and environmental triggers play roles. Treatments aim to modulate the immune response. NIAMS: Alopecia Areata
How does scalp pH influence the microbial microbiome and barrier function?
pH has no effect on microbes
Neutral pH eradicates all microbes
Acidic pH supports beneficial microbes and barrier integrity
Alkaline pH enhances barrier function
An acidic scalp pH (4.5 - 5.5) favors commensal microbes, inhibits pathogenic overgrowth, and maintains the lipid barrier, preventing moisture loss and infection. Alkaline shifts can disrupt this balance, leading to irritation and dandruff. pH-balancing products help maintain scalp health. NCBI: Scalp pH and Microbiome
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Study Outcomes

  1. Understand the Protein Structure of Hair -

    Explain why hair is approximately 90 percent protein and how this composition affects strength and resilience.

  2. Analyze Hair Porosity Levels -

    Differentiate between high, medium, and low porosity and determine how porosity influences product absorption and styling outcomes.

  3. Evaluate Hair Density Classifications -

    Assess the methods for measuring hair density and recognize the impact of density on volume and styling techniques.

  4. Assess Hair Elasticity Properties -

    Identify the factors that contribute to elasticity and predict how elasticity variations affect hair stretch and breakage.

  5. Identify Characteristics of Extremely Curly Hair -

    Recognize the unique structural properties of extremely curly hair and apply appropriate care strategies for this hair type.

  6. Apply Milady Chapter 11 Review Questions -

    Use milady chapter 11 workbook answers and chapter 11 review questions milady to reinforce key concepts and prepare for practical exams.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Keratin-Based Composition -

    Hair is approximately 90 percent protein, mainly keratin, as outlined in dermatology research from institutions like Johns Hopkins University. This fibrous protein provides tensile strength and resilience, supporting overall hair health. Use the mnemonic "K-PED" (Keratin, Porosity, Elasticity, Density) to recall the primary properties for Chapter 11 review questions Milady.

  2. Porosity Levels -

    Porosity describes the hair's ability to absorb and retain moisture, categorized as low, normal, or high, a concept emphasized in Milady Chapter 11 workbook answers. A simple float test - placing a strand in water - helps gauge porosity: low floats, high sinks. Remember "S.H.O.C." (Slick cuticle, High absorption, Open cuticle, Capillary action) to identify high porosity quickly.

  3. Hair Density Measurement -

    A concept covered in Chapter 11 Properties of the Hair and Scalp, density refers to the number of active hair follicles per square inch, influencing volume and styling approaches; average density is about 2,200 follicles per inch². You can estimate density by parting a one-inch square section and counting strands, then compare to Milady standards. High-density hair offers more styling fullness but requires more product, so adjust formulas accordingly.

  4. Elasticity and Stretch Ratio -

    Elasticity measures hair's ability to return to its original length after stretching, calculated by ((stretched length − original length)/original length)×100. Dry hair typically stretches 20%, while wet hair can reach 50%, as supported by Journal of Cosmetic Science studies. Testing elasticity regularly helps prevent breakage by identifying when deep conditioning is needed.

  5. Curvature and Extreme Curl -

    Extremely curly hair does not typically lie flat due to its tight coil pattern and elliptical follicle shape, which also makes moisture retention more challenging. According to research from the University of Texas Dermatology Department, this curl type has more cuticle layers, increasing porosity and dryness. Use a hydrating leave-in and wide-tooth comb to define coils and reduce frizz.

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