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Quizzes > Health & Medicine > Diseases & Conditions

Master Infection Control Principles - Take the Chapter 5 Quiz!

Ready to spot infections like strep throat and bacterial pneumonia? Start the quiz!

Difficulty: Moderate
2-5mins
Learning OutcomesCheat Sheet
Paper art illustration for quiz infection control Chapter 5 principles and practices on sky blue background

Ready to test your skills on chapter 5 infection control principles and practices? Our free infection control principles and practices quiz challenges you to apply infection prevention and control principles - from understanding how strep throat and bacterial pneumonia are examples of bacterial infections to mastering hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and sterilization techniques. Tailored for nursing students and healthcare professionals, this quiz lets you pinpoint strengths and identify areas for review. Dive deeper into best practices with our infection control principles and practices chapter 5 guide, then start the chapter 5 infection control quiz to see if you can ace it - good luck!

In the chain of infection, what term describes the place where pathogens live and multiply?
Susceptible host
Port of entry
Reservoir
Mode of transmission
The reservoir is where pathogens naturally live and reproduce before they move to a susceptible host. Eliminating or controlling reservoirs is key to preventing disease spread. Common reservoirs include humans, animals, soil, and water. CDC - Infection Control Basics
What is the recommended duration for proper handwashing with soap and water to effectively remove germs?
20 seconds
10 seconds
5 seconds
30 seconds
The CDC recommends washing hands for at least 20 seconds to effectively remove pathogens. Singing the 'Happy Birthday' song twice can help time this practice. Proper hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways to prevent infection. CDC - Handwashing Guidance
Standard precautions should be applied when caring for which patients?
All patients, regardless of diagnosis
Only surgical patients
Only immunocompromised patients
Only patients with confirmed infections
Standard precautions assume that all blood and body fluids may be infectious. They combine basic infection prevention practices to reduce transmission risk. This approach applies to all patient care settings and all patients. CDC - Standard Precautions
Which personal protective equipment (PPE) item should be removed last during the doffing sequence to avoid contamination?
Mask or respirator
Gowns
Goggles
Gloves
The recommended doffing sequence removes gloves first, then goggles or face shield, gowns, and mask or respirator last. Removing the mask last reduces risk of contaminating the face or mucous membranes. Proper sequence helps protect healthcare workers. CDC - PPE Removal Sequence
What type of transmission-based precaution must be used for a patient with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis?
Contact precaution
Droplet precaution
Standard precaution only
Airborne precaution
Airborne precautions are required for pathogens that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This includes using negative-pressure rooms and N95 respirators. These measures help prevent inhalation of infectious particles. CDC - Isolation Precautions
What is the first step in the decontamination process for medical instruments?
Disinfection
Packaging
Cleaning
Sterilization
Cleaning removes visible soil and organic debris, which can inactivate disinfectants or shield microbes from sterilization. It is essential before any disinfection or sterilization step. Without proper cleaning, high-level disinfection and sterilization are less effective. WHO - Cleaning
Which of the following is an example of a fomite?
Doorknob
Mosquito
Infected person
Sneezed droplet
Fomites are inanimate objects that can become contaminated with pathogens and transmit infection. Doorknobs, countertops, and medical equipment are common fomites in healthcare settings. Regular cleaning and disinfection of fomites can break the transmission chain. CDC - Fomites and Infection
Autoclaving achieves sterilization primarily through which mechanism?
Moist heat under pressure
Radiation
Chemical action
Dry heat
Autoclaves use pressurized steam to raise temperatures above 121°C, denaturing proteins and destroying microbes. Moist heat penetrates materials faster than dry heat, making it highly effective for sterilizing instruments. Proper cycle selection ensures reliable sterilization. CDC - Steam Sterilization
What color bag is commonly used for disposing of regulated medical waste?
Yellow
Red
Green
Black
Red biohazard bags are used to segregate regulated medical waste, including items contaminated with blood and body fluids. This color coding is widely recognized to ensure proper handling and disposal. Compliance reduces risk of injury and contamination. OSHA - Bloodborne Pathogens
Which practice is most effective in breaking the chain of infection?
Wearing gloves at all times
Vaccination
Using paper towels
Dry dusting surfaces
Vaccination creates immunity in hosts, preventing infection and interrupting transmission. Widespread immunization campaigns have effectively controlled diseases like measles and polio. While PPE and cleaning help, vaccines target the susceptible host link in the chain of infection. WHO - Immunization Coverage
What is the minimum alcohol concentration recommended for hand sanitizers to be effective in healthcare settings?
95%
60%
80%
40%
The CDC recommends at least 60% alcohol in hand sanitizers to effectively inactivate bacteria and viruses. Lower concentrations may not reliably kill pathogens. Proper application and rubbing until dry maximize efficacy. CDC - Hand Sanitizers
Which term describes the state of being free from disease-causing microorganisms?
Asepsis
Antisepsis
Sanitization
Disinfection
Asepsis refers to absence of pathogenic microorganisms in a surgical field or on a surface. It encompasses both medical and surgical aseptic techniques. Maintaining asepsis is critical for invasive procedures. CDC - Aseptic Techniques
Used sharps should be disposed of in which container?
Sharp-resistant container
Regular trash bin
Recycling bin
Biohazard bag
Sharps containers are puncture-resistant and labeled for biohazardous materials, preventing needlestick injuries. They ensure that needles and blades do not pose a risk during handling and disposal. Compliance is required by OSHA and CDC guidelines. CDC - Sharps Safety
Which microorganism is known for forming spores that resist typical disinfection methods?
Clostridium difficile
Influenza virus
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium difficile forms spores that are highly resistant to heat, drying, and many disinfectants. Effective control requires sporicidal agents like bleach. Environmental cleaning protocols specifically address spore removal. CDC - C. difficile Infection
Surgical hand scrub is a component of which aseptic technique?
Medical asepsis
Protective isolation
Surgical asepsis
Standard precaution
Surgical asepsis involves practices to eliminate all microorganisms from an area, including hand scrubbing before invasive procedures. This reduces risk of introducing pathogens into sterile sites. It differs from medical asepsis, which reduces microbial load but may not eliminate all microbes.
What does the 'portal of exit' refer to in the chain of infection?
An object contaminated with pathogens
An organism that spreads pathogens
The point where pathogens enter a host
The pathway pathogens use to leave the reservoir
The portal of exit is the route by which pathogens escape the reservoir, such as respiratory secretions or blood. Interrupting this link, for instance with masks or covering wounds, prevents spread. Understanding portals of exit is key to infection control strategies. CDC - Infection Control Basics
According to the Spaulding classification, which medical device is considered semicritical?
Endoscope
Bedpan
Stethoscope
Scalpel blade
Semicritical devices contact mucous membranes or non-intact skin and require high-level disinfection or sterilization. Endoscopes transmit pathogens to internal tissues and are therefore semicritical. Critical devices, like scalpel blades, require sterilization. CDC - Device Classification
What level of disinfection eliminates all microorganisms except high numbers of bacterial spores?
Intermediate-level disinfection
Sterilization
High-level disinfection
Low-level disinfection
High-level disinfection kills all microorganisms, including mycobacteria, viruses, and fungi, but may not inactivate large numbers of bacterial spores. It is used for semicritical devices. Sterilization is required to eliminate spores. CDC - Levels of Disinfection
Which chemical is classified as a high-level disinfectant commonly used for immersible medical devices?
Ethanol
Glutaraldehyde
Chlorhexidine
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Glutaraldehyde is a high-level disinfectant effective against a wide spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and some spores. It is used for heat-sensitive semicritical devices. Proper concentration and contact time are crucial for efficacy. CDC - Instrument Reprocessing
Which type of indicator provides direct evidence of process effectiveness by using resistant spores?
Mechanical indicator
Biological indicator
Chemical indicator
Process indicator
Biological indicators contain highly resistant spores, like Geobacillus stearothermophilus, and verify that sterilization parameters kill spores. They provide the most reliable confirmation of sterilization. They must be tested regularly according to guidelines. Autoclave Biological Indicators
What is the typical concentration of sodium hypochlorite recommended for environmental surface disinfection in healthcare?
0.1% (1000 ppm)
0.05% (500 ppm)
0.01% (100 ppm)
1% (10,000 ppm)
A 0.1% (1000 ppm) sodium hypochlorite solution is commonly used for routine disinfection of surfaces to kill a broad range of pathogens. Higher concentrations may be used for outbreaks or spore-forming organisms. Always follow manufacturer and facility protocols. WHO - Disinfection Guidelines
Flash sterilization (unwrapped instrument sterilization) is primarily used for:
Unwrapped emergency instruments
Porous loads
Prepackaged loads
Low-temperature sterilization
Flash sterilization is a fast-cycle process for unwrapped instruments needed urgently. It bypasses packaging to reduce cycle time. Use is limited to emergency or immediate use situations. CDC - Sterilization Guidelines
Prions require which of the following methods for effective decontamination of surgical instruments?
High-level disinfection with glutaraldehyde
Immersion in 70% ethanol
Standard autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes
Extended autoclave cycle at 134°C for 18 minutes
Prions are highly resistant to standard sterilization and disinfectants. An extended autoclave cycle at 134°C for at least 18 minutes is recommended by WHO for prion decontamination. Facilities may also combine chemical and physical methods. WHO - Prion Decontamination
Negative-pressure isolation rooms are primarily used to prevent transmission of pathogens via which route?
Airborne
Standard
Droplet
Contact
Negative-pressure rooms maintain airflow into the room and prevent contaminated air from escaping. They are essential for airborne pathogens like tuberculosis and measles. Proper ventilation and maintenance ensure safety. CDC - Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms
Which disinfectant is most effective against Clostridioides difficile spores in healthcare settings?
Alcohol-based sanitizers
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Chlorhexidine
Sodium hypochlorite bleach
Clostridioides difficile spores are resistant to many disinfectants but are inactivated by sodium hypochlorite solutions. Alcohol-based and quaternary ammonium compounds are ineffective against spores. Bleach solutions are critical for controlling C. difficile outbreaks. CDC - C. difficile Infection
What is the correct sequence for donning personal protective equipment (PPE)?
Gown, mask, goggles, gloves
Mask, gloves, goggles, gown
Gloves, gown, mask, goggles
Goggles, gown, gloves, mask
The recommended order is gown first, then mask or respirator, goggles or face shield, and gloves last. This sequence ensures that hands and face are protected before gloves are applied. Proper donning reduces contamination risk. CDC - PPE Donning
In response to a MRSA outbreak in an intensive care unit, which enhanced precaution is most appropriate?
Standard precautions only
Airborne precautions
Contact precautions
Droplet precautions
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread primarily via direct contact. Contact precautions include using gowns and gloves for patient care. Enhanced hand hygiene and environmental cleaning are also critical. CDC - MRSA Guidance
What is the recommended minimum number of air exchanges per hour in an operating room?
20 air exchanges
10 air exchanges
15 air exchanges
5 air exchanges
Guidelines recommend at least 15 air exchanges per hour in operating rooms to control airborne particles. Adequate ventilation reduces the risk of surgical site infections. Both fresh and recirculated air should meet filtration standards. CDC - Operating Room Ventilation
Chemical indicators used inside sterilization packages primarily indicate which of the following?
Sterility of contents
Mechanical function of sterilizer
Exposure to sterilization process
Microbial kill efficacy
Chemical indicators change color when exposed to specific sterilization parameters like temperature and steam. They confirm that the package was exposed to the process but do not ensure sterility. Biological indicators are needed for microbial kill validation. WHO - Chemical Indicators
How often should dialysis water treatment systems be tested for bacterial contamination according to most guidelines?
Weekly
Monthly
Daily
Annually
Monthly testing of dialysis water systems is recommended to ensure microbiological safety. Dialysis patients are exposed to large volumes of treated water, so maintaining water quality is critical. Action levels are defined, and corrective measures must follow exceedance. AAMI - Dialysis Water Standards
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is most effective against which type of organism?
Parasite cysts
Prions
Bacterial spores
Vegetative bacteria
UV-C light damages DNA in vegetative bacteria and some viruses, preventing replication. However, spores, prions, and cysts are more resistant. UVGI is used to disinfect air and surfaces in controlled environments. CDC - UV Germicidal Irradiation
Surfaces in patient-care areas should be disinfected with detergent-disinfectant solutions at least how often?
Daily
Monthly
Hourly
Weekly
High-touch surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected at least daily or when visibly soiled. This practice reduces environmental reservoirs of pathogens. Frequency may increase during outbreaks or in high-risk areas. CDC - Environmental Cleaning
In sterilization validation, the D-value represents what measurement?
Temperature required to kill spores
pH level at which microbes die
Time required to reduce microbial population by 90%
Concentration of disinfectant needed for sterilization
The D-value, or decimal reduction time, is the time needed at a specific temperature to reduce a microbial population by one log (90%). It is a critical parameter in designing sterilization cycles. Lower D-values indicate more rapid kill rates. CDC - Sterilization Validation
What does the Z-value indicate in sterilization kinetics?
Time to sterile end point
Amount of moisture in the autoclave
Pressure required for sterilization
Change in temperature needed to change the D-value by one log
The Z-value represents the temperature increase required to reduce the D-value by one log, indicating the thermal resistance of a microorganism. It helps compare how organisms respond to different temperatures. This aids in validating and optimizing sterilization processes. MicrobeOnline - D and Z Values
What does ID50 represent in infectious disease epidemiology?
Median dose causing death in 50% of hosts
Median infectious dose causing infection in 50% of exposed hosts
Incubation duration for 50% of cases
Inoculation volume for 50% mortality
ID50 is the median infectious dose that infects 50% of a test population, reflecting pathogen infectivity. It is used to compare virulence between organisms. Lower ID50 values indicate higher infectivity. NCBI - ID50 Concept
The basic reproduction number, R0, indicates:
Average number of secondary cases from one infected individual in a susceptible population
Fatality rate of an infection
Time between successive cases
Percentage of immune individuals needed for herd immunity
R0, or basic reproduction number, estimates how many new infections one case generates in a fully susceptible population. It helps predict outbreak potential and design control strategies. If R0 is above 1, the infection can spread exponentially. WHO - Basic Reproduction Number
Which of the following disinfectants is considered intermediate-level and commonly used for skin antisepsis?
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Iodophors
Ethylene oxide
Peracetic acid
Iodophors, such as povidone-iodine, are intermediate-level antiseptics active against vegetative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They are safe for skin application and preoperative scrub. They do not reliably kill spores. CDC - Antiseptic Agents
What is the typical aeration time after ethylene oxide sterilization to ensure safety of instruments?
8 - 12 hours
24 - 48 hours
1 - 2 hours
4 - 6 hours
After ethylene oxide sterilization, instruments require aeration to remove residual gas. Guidelines recommend aeration for 8 - 12 hours at controlled temperatures. Adequate aeration prevents patient exposure to toxic residues. CDC - Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
In sterilization, what does a six-log reduction of a microbial population mean?
Reduction by factor of 6
6% of organisms are killed
99.9999% of organisms are killed
6 organisms survive
A six-log reduction reduces the microbial population by 10^6-fold, leaving 0.0001% of the original count. It is a standard benchmark for high-level disinfection or sterilization. This level of reduction is considered effective for critical device processing. FDA - Sterilization Validation
The term 'bioburden' refers to:
Concentration of disinfectant needed
Time-temperature profile of a sterilization cycle
Chemical indicator result
Number of viable microorganisms on a surface before sterilization
Bioburden is the quantity of microbial contamination present on an item prior to decontamination. It influences the required parameters for effective sterilization or disinfection. Lower bioburden simplifies achieving sterility. ISO - Bioburden Testing
Which parameter is most affected by high levels of organic soil on medical instruments during disinfection?
pH of disinfectant
Efficacy of the disinfectant
Shelf-life of the instrument
Autoclave pressure
Organic soil can inactivate disinfectants by reacting with or concealing microbes, reducing efficacy. Proper cleaning is crucial to remove soil before disinfection. Residual bioburden can compromise sterilization outcomes. CDC - Cleaning Principles
In using peracetic acid for high-level disinfection, the recommended temperature range is:
50 - 60°C
4 - 8°C
10 - 15°C
20 - 30°C
Peracetic acid disinfectant solutions are most effective at ambient temperatures (20 - 30°C). Temperatures outside this range can reduce activity or stability. Proper temperature control ensures consistent biocidal performance. FDA - Disinfection Guidance
Which class of biological safety cabinet is recommended for handling pathogens that require both product and personnel protection?
Class I
Class III
Class II
Biosafety hood
Class II biosafety cabinets provide an ISO 5 work environment by drawing air through a HEPA filter to protect both personnel and product. They maintain controlled airflow and exhaust filtered air. Class III cabinets offer even higher containment but are used for maximum containment labs. CDC - Biosafety Cabinetry
Which method is most appropriate for monitoring the mechanical performance of an autoclave daily?
Mechanical recorders or printouts
Electrical safety test
Visual inspection only
Biological indicators
Mechanical monitoring, using gauges or data printouts, verifies that time, temperature, and pressure parameters are met each cycle. It is essential for daily quality control. Biological indicators are used weekly or per load for direct sterilization validation. CDC - Sterilization Monitoring
Chlorine dioxide gas sterilization typically requires a contact time of:
8 hours
24 hours
2 hours
30 minutes
Chlorine dioxide gas sterilants commonly require 2 hours of contact time to ensure sporicidal activity. This time allows gas penetration and microbial inactivation. Validation of each cycle confirms effective sterilization. FDA - Gas Sterilization
During an outbreak investigation, analytical epidemiology primarily involves:
Implementing control measures immediately
Comparing exposures of affected and unaffected groups
Describing the time, place, and person characteristics
Defining the case definition
Analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses by comparing exposures or characteristics between cases and controls. This step identifies risk factors and sources of infection. It follows descriptive epidemiology and precedes intervention. CDC - Analytical Epidemiology
Which of the following best describes the concept of antimicrobial stewardship?
Optimizing antibiotic selection, dose, and duration
Using broad-spectrum antibiotics for all infections
Avoiding vaccinations to reduce antibiotic use
Restricting all antibiotic use
Antimicrobial stewardship programs aim to optimize antibiotic therapy to treat infections effectively while minimizing resistance. This involves selecting appropriate agents, dosing, and treatment duration. The goal is improved patient outcomes and reduced antibiotic misuse. CDC - Antibiotic Stewardship
Which environmental monitoring device measures the performance of High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters over time?
Particle counter
Chemical indicator
Mechanical indicator
Biological indicator
Particle counters quantify particulate levels upstream and downstream of HEPA filters to assess performance. They provide real-time data on filter integrity. Routine monitoring ensures air cleanliness in critical environments. EPA - Air Cleaners
For prion decontamination, how long should surgical instruments be immersed in 1N sodium hydroxide before autoclaving?
30 minutes
60 minutes
120 minutes
15 minutes
WHO guidelines recommend immersing instruments in 1N NaOH for at least 60 minutes to denature prion proteins before autoclaving. This chemical pre-treatment enhances removal of prion infectivity. It is critical for preventing transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. WHO - Prion Decontamination
Which air filter classification removes at least 99.999% of airborne particles 0.12 microns or larger?
Q-FILTER
ULPA
HEPA
MERV 13
ULPA (Ultra-Low Particulate Air) filters remove at least 99.999% of particles ?0.12 microns. They provide tighter filtration than HEPA filters (99.97% at 0.3 microns). ULPA filters are used in applications requiring extreme particle control. EPA - Air Filters
For dialysis water treatment, the total viable microbial count should not exceed what level per milliliter?
<5000 CFU/mL
<1000 CFU/mL
<10 CFU/mL
<100 CFU/mL
Standards from AAMI recommend that dialysis water has a bacterial count of less than 100 CFU/mL. Higher counts increase risk of pyrogenic reactions in patients. Regular monitoring and disinfection maintain safe water quality. AAMI - Dialysis Water Quality
What is the recommended shelf-life of a sterile instrument stored in a sealed medical-grade peel pouch under controlled conditions?
30 days
12 months
6 months
Indefinite, if packaging integrity is maintained
Sterile items in sealed peel pouches can remain sterile indefinitely if the packaging remains intact and environmental controls are maintained. Some facilities adopt arbitrary time limits, but scientific evidence supports shelf-life based on packaging integrity. Regular inspection of packaging is essential. APIC - Sterility Maintenance
Which low-temperature sterilization technology uses a combination of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid?
Ethylene oxide gas sterilization
Hydrogen peroxide vapor with peracetic acid
Autoclave steam sterilization
Formaldehyde gas sterilization
Hydrogen peroxide vapor combined with peracetic acid is used in low-temperature sterilization systems for heat-sensitive instruments. The synergy enhances sporicidal activity and reduces cycle times. It avoids toxic residues associated with ethylene oxide. FDA - Low-Temperature Sterilization
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Study Outcomes

  1. Identify bacterial infection examples -

    Recognize strep throat and bacterial pneumonia as examples of bacterial infections covered in chapter 5 infection control principles and practices.

  2. Explain standard precautions -

    Describe the key components of standard precautions and their role in preventing the transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings.

  3. Differentiate transmission-based precautions -

    Distinguish between contact, droplet, and airborne precautions and determine when each is required to control infection spread.

  4. Apply environmental control measures -

    Demonstrate the use of environmental cleaning and disinfection practices to reduce microbial contamination and maintain a safe healthcare environment.

  5. Analyze infection control scenarios -

    Evaluate quiz scenarios to select appropriate infection prevention and control principles tailored to specific clinical situations.

  6. Reinforce chapter 5 infection control knowledge -

    Review and solidify understanding of core infection control principles through interactive questions and feedback.

Cheat Sheet

  1. Standard Precautions Basics -

    Standard precautions, the foundation of chapter 5 infection control principles and practices, include hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe injection techniques. A handy mnemonic is "WASH": Water, Antiseptic, Soap, and Hygiene to remind you of the critical handwashing steps (wash, lather, rinse, dry). By consistently applying these measures, you block common reservoirs and significantly cut transmission.

  2. Chain of Infection -

    The chain of infection describes six linked steps - agent, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host - each of which must be interrupted to prevent disease. Remember "A Really Pretty Turtle Plays Softly at Home" to recall each link in order. Breaking any one link, such as using antiseptics at the portal of entry, halts the spread of pathogens like strep throat and bacterial pneumonia.

  3. Transmission-Based Precautions -

    When standard precautions are not enough, transmission-based measures (contact, droplet, airborne) kick in: wear gowns and gloves for MRSA (contact), masks for strep throat and bacterial pneumonia (droplet), and N95 respirators for tuberculosis (airborne). Think "CD&A" (Contact, Droplet, Airborne) as your go-to acronym for selecting the right barrier. Applying the correct precaution ensures you tailor infection prevention and control principles to each pathogen's route.

  4. Environmental Controls and Sterilization -

    Effective environmental cleaning and sterilization rely on choosing appropriate methods - chemical disinfectants (e.g., chlorine solutions at 1:10 dilution) for surfaces and autoclaving (121°C, 15 psi, 15 min) for instruments. A simple formula to remember is "Time × Temperature = Sterility" (T×T=St), ensuring you meet minimum autoclave requirements. Proper regular cleaning disrupts the reservoir link, drastically lowering infection risk in healthcare settings.

  5. Surveillance and Reporting -

    Routine infection surveillance involves tracking incidence rates using the formula (new cases ÷ population at risk) × 1,000 to spot trends early and implement controls. Prompt reporting to public health authorities and using tools like the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) ensures timely outbreak response. Staying proactive not only meets infection prevention and control principles but also boosts your confidence in maintaining safe environments.

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