Calling all pre-med and A&P students! Ready to ace your anatomy and physiology exam 2? Dive into our free Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2 Quiz and treat it as your ultimate anatomy and physiology exam 2 practice test. You'll challenge your bone smarts with questions like "the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of ______." and recall when "bone remodeling begins during ______." Whether you're reviewing bone formation, epiphyseal growth, or remodeling triggers from anatomy and physiology 1 test 2, this quiz turns study time into an engaging challenge. Gear up with our anatomy and physiology skeletal system quiz and power through the anatomy and physiology bone quiz . Start now, test yourself, and build the confidence to conquer your next exam!
What type of bone is the femur classified as?
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
The femur is longer than it is wide and primarily acts as a lever in the thigh, matching the definition of a long bone. Long bones are crucial for weight support and movement. See more at Britannica on Long Bones.
Which membrane covers the outer surface of bones except at joints?
Periosteum
Endosteum
Synovium
Perichondrium
The periosteum is a dense connective tissue that envelops bones externally, providing blood supply and insertion for tendons. It does not cover articular cartilage. Reference: InnerBody Periosteum.
What is the hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone called?
Medullary cavity
Lacuna
Haversian canal
Canaliculus
The medullary cavity houses bone marrow within the shaft of long bones, reducing weight while storing marrow. It is lined by endosteum. See Khan Academy on Bone Structure.
Which cell type is responsible for secreting new bone matrix?
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Chondroblast
Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete the organic components of bone matrix (osteoid) which later mineralizes. They line the bone surfaces during growth and repair. More detail at Britannica on Osteoblasts.
Which bone cell is primarily involved in bone resorption?
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Chondrocyte
Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that dissolve bone matrix by secreting acids and enzymes. They regulate calcium and phosphate levels. See InnerBody on Osteoclasts.
Which mineral primarily gives bone its hardness?
Calcium phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium
Collagen
Hydroxyapatite crystals, composed of calcium phosphate, account for bone’s rigidity and hardness. Organic collagen provides tensile strength but not hardness. For more, visit Britannica on Hydroxyapatite.
What type of marrow is found predominantly in the adult medullary cavity?
Yellow marrow
Red marrow
Gelatinous marrow
Myeloid tissue
Yellow marrow, rich in adipocytes, occupies the medullary cavity in adults for energy storage. Red marrow, active in hematopoiesis, is found mainly in flat bones. Source: Khan Academy on Marrow.
What is the rounded end of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Periosteum
The epiphysis is the expanded end of a long bone, articulated with adjacent bones. It often contains spongy bone and red marrow. More at Britannica on Epiphysis.
What is the shaft of a long bone known as?
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone, composed mainly of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity. It provides strong support without cumbersome weight. Reference: InnerBody on Diaphysis.
Which canal runs parallel to the long axis of compact bone?
Haversian canal
Volkmann’s canal
Canaliculus
Perforating canal
Haversian canals (central canals) contain blood vessels and nerves that run longitudinally through osteons. Volkmann’s canals run perpendicular to connect adjacent osteons. See Britannica on Osteons.
Which membrane lines the internal surfaces of bone cavities?
Endosteum
Periosteum
Synovium
Perichondrium
The endosteum lines the medullary cavity and inner surfaces of trabeculae, containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It plays a role in bone growth and remodeling. More info at InnerBody on Endosteum.
Which ossification process forms the flat bones of the skull?
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Appositional growth
Interstitial growth
Intramembranous ossification directly converts mesenchymal tissue into bone, forming flat bones like the cranial bones. No cartilage model is involved. See Khan Academy on Ossification.
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate contains actively dividing chondrocytes?
Proliferation zone
Resting zone
Hypertrophic zone
Calcification zone
In the proliferation zone, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, stacking like coins and pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. This drives longitudinal bone growth. Reference: Britannica on Epiphyseal Plate.
What is the primary organic component of bone matrix?
Collagen
Hydroxyapatite
Elastin
Keratin
Type I collagen fibers provide tensile strength and flexibility to bone matrix. Mineral deposition hardens the matrix. Learn more at Britannica on Collagen.
Which hormone lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol
Growth hormone
Calcitonin, secreted by thyroid C cells, reduces osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, lowering blood calcium. Its role is oppositional to PTH. See Khan Academy on Calcium Regulation.
During endochondral ossification, what replaces the cartilage model?
Bone tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage persists
Endochondral ossification replaces a hyaline cartilage template with bone through chondrocyte hypertrophy, matrix calcification, and invasion by osteoprogenitor cells. This process forms most long bones. Details at Britannica on Endochondral Ossification.
Which vitamin is essential for intestinal absorption of dietary calcium?
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
Vitamin D stimulates synthesis of calcium-binding proteins in the intestinal epithelium, increasing calcium uptake. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones cannot mineralize properly. See Khan Academy Vitamin D.
Which type of bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis?
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Gelatinous marrow
Myeloid marrow
Red marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to all blood cell lineages. In adults, red marrow is mainly in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones. More at Britannica on Red Marrow.
In compact bone, concentric rings of bone matrix are called what?
Lamellae
Lacunae
Trabeculae
Canaliculi
Lamellae are layers of mineralized matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal in an osteon. They give compact bone strength. Reference: Britannica on Osteon.
Canaliculi in bone tissue serve primarily to:
Connect osteocytes to central canals
Store adipocytes
Form new bone matrix
Anchor periosteum
Canaliculi are microscopic channels that connect lacunae to each other and to Haversian canals, facilitating nutrient and waste exchange for osteocytes. They maintain cell viability. See Khan Academy Bone Overview.
Which fracture type involves bone fragments piercing the skin?
Compound fracture
Greenstick fracture
Compression fracture
Spiral fracture
A compound (open) fracture occurs when bone breaks and pierces the skin, risking infection. Closed fractures do not break the skin. See Britannica on Fractures.
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to raise blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Insulin
Thyroxine
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity indirectly by acting on osteoblasts to express RANKL, increasing bone resorption and blood calcium. It also enhances renal calcium reabsorption. More at Khan Academy on PTH.
What is the name of the functional remodeling unit composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
Basic multicellular unit
Haversian system
Osteon
Watershed unit
The basic multicellular unit (BMU) is the team of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that coordinate bone resorption and formation during remodeling. BMUs travel along bone surfaces. Reference: Britannica on Bone Remodeling.
Which region of a growing long bone ossifies first?
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Articular cartilage
During endochondral ossification, the primary ossification center develops in the diaphysis before the epiphyses form secondary centers. Growth proceeds toward each epiphysis. More at Britannica on Ossification.
Growth in the width of bones is referred to as what?
Appositional growth
Interstitial growth
Longitudinal growth
Circumferential growth
Appositional growth adds new bone tissue to the outer surface via osteoblasts in the periosteum, increasing bone diameter. Interstitial growth occurs in cartilage, not bone. See InnerBody Appositional Growth.
Which protein in bone matrix provides tensile strength?
Collagen fibers
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Proteoglycans
Elastin fibers
Type I collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, allowing it to resist stretching and twisting. Mineral components provide compressive strength. More at Britannica on Collagen.
Which bone cell originates from monocyte lineage?
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Chondroblast
Osteoclasts derive from monocyte/macrophage precursors, fusing to form multinucleated resorptive cells. This origin distinguishes them from osteoblasts. Reference: Khan Academy on Osteoclasts.
What is the primary process by which bone repairs itself after a fracture?
Bone remodeling
Calcification
Angiogenesis
Ossification only
Bone remodeling involves removal of damaged bone by osteoclasts and replacement with new bone by osteoblasts, restoring shape and strength. It follows the fracture healing stages. Learn more at Britannica on Fracture Healing.
The epiphyseal line in adults is a remnant of what structure?
Epiphyseal plate
Metaphysis
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
The epiphyseal line is the mineralized remnant of the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) after longitudinal growth ceases. It marks where cartilage was replaced by bone. See Britannica Epiphyseal Plate.
Which disorder is characterized by decreased bone density and increased fracture risk?
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Osteoarthritis
Paget’s disease
Osteoporosis features porous, fragile bones due to loss of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration. It increases susceptibility to fractures, especially in the hip and vertebrae. More at Britannica on Osteoporosis.
Which noncollagenous protein binds calcium in the bone matrix?
Osteocalcin
Osteonectin
Osteopontin
Fibronectin
Osteocalcin is a vitamin K–dependent protein produced by osteoblasts that binds hydroxyapatite and regulates mineralization. It also serves as a hormone influencing glucose metabolism. See Britannica on Osteocalcin.
Which growth factor family stimulates osteoblast differentiation?
Bone morphogenetic proteins
Fibroblast growth factors
Platelet-derived growth factors
Transforming growth factor-beta only
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are part of the TGF-? superfamily that strongly induce mesenchymal cells to become osteoblasts. They are used clinically to promote bone repair. More at Britannica on BMPs.
A gain-of-function mutation in FGFR3 causes which skeletal disorder?
Achondroplasia
Osteopetrosis
Marfan syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Achondroplasia results from an activating mutation in FGFR3, inhibiting cartilage proliferation in growth plates and causing dwarfism. It affects endochondral ossification. Reference: Britannica on Achondroplasia.
What network of canals connects periosteum to the Haversian system?
Volkmann’s canals
Canaliculi
Perforating lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s (perforating) canals run perpendicular to Haversian canals, linking the periosteum’s blood vessels to the central canals of osteons. They facilitate nutrient and waste exchange. See Britannica on Osteon.
Which cartilage type composes the epiphyseal plate?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Calcified cartilage
The epiphyseal plate consists of hyaline cartilage where chondrocytes proliferate and later mineralize for bone growth. Elastic and fibrocartilage serve other functions. More at Britannica on Hyaline Cartilage.
Which zone of the growth plate is characterized by dying chondrocytes and matrix calcification?
Calcification zone
Hypertrophic zone
Proliferative zone
Resting zone
In the calcification zone, chondrocytes undergo apoptosis and the surrounding cartilage matrix mineralizes, preparing for invasion by osteogenic cells. This is a key step before bone deposition. Reference: Britannica Epiphyseal Plate.
Which bone matrix component resists compressive forces?
Hydroxyapatite
Collagen
Proteoglycans
Elastic fibers
Hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate crystals, provides rigidity and resists compression in bone. Collagen fibers resist tension. See Britannica on Hydroxyapatite.
How does PTH increase active vitamin D levels in the body?
Stimulates renal 1?-hydroxylase
Upregulates skin synthesis
Inhibits liver hydroxylation
Enhances intestinal uptake directly
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidney enzyme 1?-hydroxylase to convert calcidiol to calcitriol (active vitamin D), enhancing calcium absorption. This contributes to calcium homeostasis. Reference: Khan Academy PTH.
Which pediatric bone disorder results from vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Scurvy
Scoliosis
Rickets is characterized by soft, deformed bones in children due to impaired mineralization of cartilage in growth plates from vitamin D deficiency. The adult equivalent is osteomalacia. More at Britannica on Rickets.
Which cells occupy lacunae within bone matrix?
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the matrix and live within lacunae. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts reside on bone surfaces. Reference: Britannica on Osteocyte.
What biomechanical principle describes bone adaptation to stress?
Wolff’s law
Hooke’s law
Bernoulli’s principle
Laplace’s law
Wolff’s law states that bone remodels and aligns along lines of mechanical stress to optimize strength. Decreased loading leads to bone loss. More at Britannica on Wolff’s Law.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by brittle bones and collagen defects?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Achondroplasia
Osteopetrosis
Marfan syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta arises from mutations in type I collagen genes, leading to fragile bones and frequent fractures. It often features blue sclerae. See Britannica on OI.
Which transcription factor is essential for osteoblast differentiation?
Runx2
NF-?B
SOX9
Myf5
Runx2 (CBFA1) is a master regulator of osteoblast lineage commitment and bone formation. Without Runx2, osteoblasts fail to differentiate. Reference: Britannica on Runx2.
Which glycoprotein inhibits hydroxyapatite crystal growth in bone?
Osteopontin
Osteocalcin
Bone sialoprotein
Fibronectin
Osteopontin is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that binds crystal surfaces, modulating mineral deposition and inhibiting uncontrolled growth. It also mediates cell adhesion. See Britannica on Osteopontin.
Which protein secreted by osteocytes negatively regulates bone formation?
Sclerostin
RANKL
BMP-2
FGF-23
Sclerostin, produced by osteocytes, inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway in osteoblasts, reducing bone formation. Therapeutic antibodies against sclerostin increase bone mass. More at Britannica on Sclerostin.
Which signaling pathway is central to osteoblast proliferation and differentiation?
Canonical Wnt/?-catenin pathway
Notch pathway
JAK/STAT pathway
MAPK/ERK pathway
The canonical Wnt/?-catenin pathway promotes osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and bone matrix production. Mutations affecting this pathway influence bone density. Reference: Britannica on Wnt Signaling.
Estrogen influences closure of which growth plate structure?
Epiphyseal plate
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Metaphyseal trabeculae
Estrogen accelerates chondrocyte apoptosis in the epiphyseal plate, promoting its closure and ending longitudinal bone growth. This is why puberty onset affects height. See Khan Academy on Bone Growth.
Which mechanosensor in osteocytes detects fluid flow in lacunae?
Piezo1
Integrin ?5?1
TRPV4
Connexin 43
Piezo1 is a stretch-activated ion channel in osteocytes that senses mechanical loading via fluid shear stress, initiating signaling for bone remodeling. Its role is critical in mechanotransduction. Reference: Britannica on Piezo1.
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Study Outcomes
Identify Key Skeletal Components -
After completing the anatomy and physiology exam 2 practice test, learners will be able to identify major bone structures and regions such as diaphysis, epiphysis, and the epiphyseal plate.
Define Epiphyseal Plate Composition -
Readers will accurately complete "the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of ______" by describing its hyaline cartilage makeup and its role in longitudinal bone growth.
Explain Bone Remodeling Initiation -
Participants will fill in "bone remodeling begins during ______" and articulate the developmental stage and cellular events that trigger remodeling.
Differentiate Bone Cell Functions -
Users will distinguish the roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in bone formation, maintenance, and resorption.
Analyze Ossification Processes -
Learners will analyze endochondral versus intramembranous ossification pathways and their relevance to skeletal development and repair.
Apply Concepts to Exam Questions -
After the quiz, students will apply their knowledge to answer anatomy and physiology exam 2 questions with increased confidence and accuracy.
Cheat Sheet
Epiphyseal Plate Composition -
Recall that the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage located between the diaphysis and epiphysis, which facilitates longitudinal growth (Tortora & Derrickson, 2017). A handy mnemonic is "CHaP" for Cartilage Hyaline Plate when reviewing anatomy and physiology exam 2 concepts.
Ossification Pathways -
Differentiate intramembranous ossification (direct bone formation in flat bones) from endochondral ossification (cartilage model replaced by bone in long bones), as outlined by Gray's Anatomy. Remember the sequence: mesenchyme → cartilage → bone and practice drawing the stages to reinforce your anatomy and physiology exam 2 practice test prep.
Bone Remodeling Cycle -
Bone remodeling begins during adulthood under hormonal regulation from PTH and calcitonin, balancing osteoclast resorption with osteoblast deposition (NIAMS). Use the acronym "R-D" (Resorption then Deposition) to recall this dynamic process for your anatomy and physiology 1 test 2 review.
Cellular Players and Functions -
Osteoblasts build bone by secreting osteoid, osteocytes maintain the matrix, and osteoclasts resorb bone via acidic enzymes (PubMed Central). Visual charts comparing these cells will cement your knowledge for anatomy and physiology exam 2 quizzes.
Calcium Homeostasis and Hormones -
Understand that parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca2+ by stimulating osteoclasts, while calcitonin lowers it by inhibiting osteoclast activity (Endocrine Society). A helpful rhyme: "PTH pumps up Ca, Calcitonin calms it down" to ace calcium regulation questions.
