Calling all Grade 11 biology buffs! Dive into our free, scored Ace Biology Questions and Answers quiz to see how well you grasp key concepts. This challenge focuses on ch.2 self quiz critical thinking biology, sharpening your analytical skills from cell structure to genetics. You'll identify the biology questions to ask for deeper learning, tackle biology questions answers with ease, and track your progress in real time. Boost your confidence for every upcoming biology challenge. Eager for more practice? Try our engaging biology quiz questions or power up with a biology final test . Jump in now - your next A+ awaits!
What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
ATP production
Protein synthesis
Lipid storage
RNA processing
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They have their own DNA and are the site of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Without mitochondria, cells would not have sufficient energy for cellular processes. Learn more about mitochondrial function at Wikipedia.
Which monomer is the building block of proteins?
Amino acid
Monosaccharide
Nucleotide
Fatty acid
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Twenty standard amino acids combine in various sequences to form diverse proteins. The sequence and structure dictate protein function in cellular activities. For more information, visit Khan Academy.
Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are responsible for capturing light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis. They have thylakoid membranes organized in grana where light-dependent reactions occur. Stroma houses the Calvin cycle for sugar synthesis. For details, see Wikipedia.
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bond
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Peptide bond
Hydrogen bonds form between complementary nitrogenous bases (adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine) in DNA, stabilizing the double helix structure. Covalent bonds link sugar and phosphate groups in the backbone. The weak nature of hydrogen bonds allows strands to separate during replication and transcription. Learn more at NCBI Bookshelf.
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of what cellular component?
Cell membrane
Nuclear envelope
Cytoskeleton
Extracellular matrix
The fluid mosaic model depicts the cell membrane as a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins that move laterally. Cholesterol and glycolipids contribute to membrane fluidity and stability. This model explains selective permeability and protein function in cell signaling. More information at Khan Academy.
What is the pH of pure water at 25C?
7.0
14.0
1.0
6.0
Pure water at 25C has equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions (10^-7 M), giving it a neutral pH of 7.0. pH values below 7 are acidic, and those above 7 are basic. Temperature can slightly affect waters pH. For further details, see Wikipedia.
Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis is the passive movement of water from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane. It does not require energy. It is critical for maintaining cell turgor and fluid balance. Learn more at Britannica.
Which macromolecule primarily stores genetic information in cells?
DNA
RNA
Protein
Carbohydrate
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the hereditary instructions used in growth, development, and reproduction of all known organisms. RNA plays roles in protein synthesis and gene regulation. DNAs double helix structure encodes genetic information via sequences of nucleotides. More at Genome.gov.
What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?
Protein synthesis
DNA replication
Lipid metabolism
Cellular respiration
Ribosomes are complexes of rRNA and proteins that translate mRNA into polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. They can be found free in the cytosol or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomal activity is essential for gene expression. See Khan Academy.
Which stage of photosynthesis involves the Calvin cycle?
Light-independent reactions
Light-dependent reactions
Photolysis
Electron transport chain
The Calvin cycle, or light-independent reactions, occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts, using ATP and NADPH produced in light-dependent reactions to fix CO2 into sugars. It does not require light directly but relies on energy carriers generated by photophosphorylation. Key enzyme RUBISCO catalyzes CO2 fixation. More at Khan Academy.
What structural difference distinguishes RNA from DNA?
Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
Double helix instead of single strand
Thymine instead of uracil
Phosphate backbone absence
RNA contains ribose sugar, which has a hydroxyl group at the 2? carbon, whereas DNA has deoxyribose lacking this hydroxyl. RNA typically is single-stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine found in DNA. These differences impact stability and function. Learn more at NCBI Bookshelf.
What is the net yield of ATP molecules in glycolysis per glucose molecule?
2 ATP
4 ATP
36 ATP
32 ATP
Glycolysis converts one glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP (4 produced minus 2 consumed) and 2 NADH. It occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen. This is the first step in cellular respiration. Details at Khan Academy.
In competitive inhibition of an enzyme, how are Km and Vmax affected?
Km increases, Vmax unchanged
Km decreases, Vmax unchanged
Km unchanged, Vmax decreases
Km and Vmax both decrease
Competitive inhibitors bind the active site, raising the apparent Km (requiring more substrate for half-maximal velocity) but do not affect Vmax since high substrate concentrations outcompete the inhibitor. This relationship is described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. More at Wikipedia.
What is the primary product of fatty acid ?-oxidation?
Acetyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA
Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate
?-oxidation sequentially removes two-carbon units from fatty acids, producing acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. NADH and FADH2 are also generated for the electron transport chain. For more, visit Khan Academy.
During DNA replication in prokaryotes, which enzyme removes the RNA primers?
DNA polymerase I
DNA primase
DNA ligase
Helicase
DNA polymerase I has 5??3? exonuclease activity that removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides. DNA ligase then seals the remaining nick. This is specific to prokaryotic systems. More at NCBI Bookshelf.
Which type of cell junction creates a watertight seal between adjacent animal cells?
Tight junction
Gap junction
Desmosome
Adherens junction
Tight junctions, composed of claudin and occludin proteins, seal the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to prevent fluid leakage between them. They are common in epithelial layers. Gap junctions allow communication, while desmosomes provide mechanical strength. More details at Khan Academy.
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Protein modification and sorting
ATP generation
DNA replication
Lipid degradation
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them (e.g., glycosylation), and sorts them into vesicles for transport to their destinations. It plays a key role in the secretory pathway. Refer to Britannica.
Which principle states that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation?
Law of independent assortment
Law of segregation
Central dogma
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Mendels law of independent assortment states that alleles of different genes distribute independently of one another during gamete formation, leading to genetic variation. It applies to genes on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Read more at Khan Academy.
What effect does a noncompetitive inhibitor have on enzyme kinetics?
Decreases Vmax, Km unchanged
Increases Vmax, Km unchanged
Decreases Km, Vmax unchanged
Increases Km and Vmax
Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to an allosteric site, reducing the enzymes catalytic efficiency regardless of substrate concentration. This lowers Vmax while Km remains unchanged because substrate binding affinity is unaffected. This is evident in LineweaverBurk plots. See Wikipedia.
Which component of the electron transport chain pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane first?
Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)
Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase)
Complex III (Cytochrome bc1)
Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
Complex I accepts electrons from NADH and uses the energy to pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space, establishing a proton gradient. Complex II does not pump protons. The gradient is essential for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. More at NCBI.
In a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the expected phenotypic ratio?
3 dominant : 1 recessive
1:1
9:3:3:1
1 dominant only
A monohybrid cross of Aa Aa yields genotypes AA, Aa, and aa in a 1:2:1 ratio, resulting in a phenotypic ratio of 3 dominant trait to 1 recessive. This follows Mendels law of segregation. Further reading at Khan Academy.
What is the Q10 coefficient in biochemical reactions?
Rate change of a reaction with a 10C temperature increase
pH change in 10 minutes
10-fold increase in substrate concentration
Change in Gibbs free energy by 10 kJ
The Q10 coefficient measures how the rate of a biochemical process changes with a 10C temperature increase, typically indicating enzyme sensitivity to temperature. A Q10 of 2 means the rate doubles. It is important in physiology and metabolism studies. Learn more at Wikipedia.
During which phase of meiosis does homologous chromosome segregation occur?
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
Metaphase I
Telophase II
Anaphase I of meiosis I is when homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles, reducing the chromosome number by half. Sister chromatids remain attached until anaphase II. This reductional division is key for genetic diversity. Read more at Khan Academy.
How does solute potential (?s) affect water potential in plant cells?
More negative ?s lowers overall water potential
More negative ?s raises overall water potential
?s has no effect on water potential
?s only affects turgor pressure
Water potential (?w) equals solute potential (?s) plus pressure potential (?p). A more negative ?s (due to higher solute concentration) decreases ?w, driving water into the cell. This principle governs osmosis in plants. Details at Khan Academy.
What role do microtubules play during mitosis?
Form the mitotic spindle for chromosome separation
Compose the cleavage furrow
Digest the nuclear envelope
Replicate DNA
Microtubules assemble into the mitotic spindle apparatus, which attaches to kinetochores and pulls sister chromatids apart during anaphase. They originate from centrosomes in animal cells. Proper spindle function ensures accurate chromosome segregation. More at NCBI Bookshelf.
How does genetic linkage affect recombination frequency?
Linkage decreases recombination frequency
Linkage increases recombination frequency
Linkage has no effect
Linkage causes independent assortment
Genes located close together on the same chromosome exhibit genetic linkage, reducing the likelihood of recombination between them during meiosis. The closer the genes, the lower the recombination frequency. This concept is used to map gene positions. See Khan Academy.
Which condition must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No mutation, random mating, no selection, infinite population, no migration
High mutation rate
Non-random mating
Small population size
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, large (infinite) population size, and no gene flow. Under these conditions allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations. Deviations indicate evolutionary forces. More at Wikipedia.
How would a missense mutation in an enzymes active site likely affect Km and Vmax?
Km may increase and Vmax may decrease
Km decreases and Vmax increases
Km and Vmax remain unchanged
Km decreases and Vmax decreases
A missense mutation in the active site often reduces substrate binding affinity (increasing Km) and catalytic efficiency (lowering Vmax). The exact change depends on the amino acid substitution. Biochemical assays confirm these kinetic changes. For further reading see NCBI.
What advantage do C4 plants have over C3 plants under high light and temperature conditions?
Minimized photorespiration by concentrating CO2
Higher stomatal opening to increase water loss
Increased photorespiration
Use of only the Calvin cycle
C4 plants spatially separate CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle, using PEP carboxylase to concentrate CO2 in bundle-sheath cells, which reduces photorespiration under high light and temperature. This leads to greater water-use efficiency. Examples include maize and sugarcane. See Khan Academy.
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Study Outcomes
Understand Chapter 2 Fundamentals -
Master core ideas such as cell structure, molecular interactions, and energy flow to confidently tackle biology questions and answers from chapter 2.
Analyze Scientific Scenarios -
Use critical thinking strategies from our ch.2 self quiz critical thinking biology questions to evaluate experimental designs and predict outcomes.
Apply Precise Terminology -
Employ accurate definitions and concepts when forming and responding to biology questions to ask during further study and discussions.
Evaluate Quiz Performance -
Interpret your quiz results to identify strengths and weaknesses in biology questions answers for targeted review and improvement.
Differentiate Biological Processes -
Contrast mechanisms like diffusion vs. osmosis and photosynthesis vs. respiration to deepen your conceptual clarity.
Recall Essential Vocabulary -
Reinforce and retrieve key terms and definitions to improve retention of chapter 2 content.
Cheat Sheet
Water's Unique Properties -
Water's high cohesion and adhesion make it a versatile solvent in cells, supporting nutrient transport and chemical reactions. Remember "like dissolves like" to predict solubility of polar vs nonpolar molecules. In ch.2 self quiz critical thinking biology practice, a common biology question to ask is how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat.
Macromolecule Building Blocks -
Understanding the four classes of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - is essential for biology questions and answers on biomolecular structure. Use the mnemonic "CHON-P" (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus) to recall major elements in proteins and nucleic acids. For example, test yourself by drawing a peptide bond formation reaction from two amino acids.
Functional Groups and Reactivity -
Recognize key functional groups (hydroxyl, aldehyde, carboxyl, amino, phosphate) to predict molecular behavior in metabolic pathways. A useful trick is associating an "-OH" with alcohol and "-NH₂" with amines to answer critical-thinking prompts on reaction mechanisms. In biology questions answers reviews, identifying these groups often appears in structure labeling tasks.
Enzyme Activity and Kinetics -
Enzymes lower activation energy through the lock-and-key or induced-fit models, and factors like pH and temperature alter their rate. Recall the Michaelis-Menten equation v = (Vmax[S])/(Km + [S]) to solve kinetics problems in your self-quiz. A strong ch.2 self quiz critical thinking biology question might ask how a competitive inhibitor changes the Km value.
pH Scale and Buffer Systems -
Remember pH = - log[H❺] and how buffers like the bicarbonate system maintain homeostasis in blood. Practice balancing H₂CO₃ and HCO₃❻ equations to answer biology questions to ask about acid - base imbalances. This topic is a staple in biology questions and answers quizzes, as it links chemistry to physiological regulation.
