Hello 11th grade science explorers! Ready to tackle our free 11th grade science questions? This integrated science quiz tests your grasp of cell biology, genetics, human physiology, and photosynthesis. Whether you're preparing for exams or simply love a challenge, our high school biology quiz will reveal where you excel and which concepts to revisit. From a quick cell biology quiz on life's building blocks to genetics questions about DNA, plus sections on human physiology and photosynthesis questions, we cover it all. Dive into our 11th grade science questions now - boost your confidence and spark your curiosity. Start today!
What organelle is commonly referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?
Lysosome
Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles that generate most of the cell's ATP supply through oxidative phosphorylation. They contain enzymes of the Krebs cycle and an electron transport chain critical for energy production. Their high-energy output earned them the nickname "powerhouse of the cell." Learn more.
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration is called:
Diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane towards a region of higher solute concentration. It is driven by the concentration gradient without the need for energy input. This process is essential for maintaining cell turgor and fluid balance. Learn more.
In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with which complementary base?
Guanine
Uracil
Cytosine
Thymine
In the DNA double helix, adenine (A) forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine (T), ensuring specific base pairing. Cytosine (C) instead pairs with guanine (G). Uracil (U) replaces thymine in RNA. The A - T pairing is critical for DNA stability and replication fidelity. Learn more.
What is the main monosaccharide product of photosynthesis?
Lactose
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose
Photosynthesis in plants produces glucose (C?H??O?) as the primary sugar used for energy and as a building block for other carbohydrates. Glucose can be converted into starch, cellulose, or sucrose for storage and transport. This monosaccharide is central to plant metabolism. Learn more.
In Mendelian genetics, an allele that masks the expression of another allele is called:
Neutral allele
Dominant allele
Codominant allele
Recessive allele
A dominant allele expresses its trait in a heterozygote and masks the presence of a recessive allele at the same locus. The recessive allele only shows its effect when two copies are present. Dominance relationships are key to predicting inheritance patterns. Learn more.
Which gas is taken in by plants during photosynthesis?
Methane
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO?) from the atmosphere through stomata in their leaves. CO? is used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize sugars. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct and released. This gas exchange is essential to global carbon cycling. Learn more.
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called:
Capillaries
Arteries
Veins
Venules
Arteries are thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure. They branch into smaller arterioles and eventually capillaries for exchange. Veins return blood to the heart at lower pressure. This distinction is critical in circulatory physiology. Learn more.
What is the basic unit of heredity?
Gene
Allele
Nucleotide
Chromosome
A gene is a sequence of DNA that encodes information to make functional products like proteins or RNA. It is the fundamental unit of heredity passed from parents to offspring. Chromosomes and alleles are related but genes specifically carry hereditary information. Learn more.
Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Ribosome
Lysosome
Ribosomes are molecular machines composed of rRNA and proteins that catalyze peptide bond formation during translation. They can be free in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER. No other organelle performs this specific function. Learn more.
During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids?
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
In anaphase, the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles by spindle fibers. This separation ensures each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome. It follows alignment at the metaphase plate. Learn more.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does p² represent?
Frequency of heterozygous genotype
Allele frequency of p
Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype
In Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium, p represents the frequency of the dominant allele, q the recessive allele, p² the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals, 2pq the heterozygotes, and q² the homozygous recessive. This model assumes no evolution. Learn more.
The process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes is called:
Spermiation
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Meiosis
Spermatogenesis is the complete process by which spermatogonial stem cells divide and differentiate into mature spermatozoa in the testes. It involves both mitotic and meiotic divisions and morphological changes. Meiosis alone does not encompass the full maturation. Learn more.
In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which molecule is reduced to NADPH?
Water
NADP+
NADH
FAD
During the light reactions, photosystem I transfers electrons to NADP?, reducing it to NADPH. NADPH then provides reducing power for the Calvin cycle. NADH and FAD are coenzymes in cellular respiration, not photosynthesis. Learn more.
The sinoatrial (SA) node in the human heart functions as the:
Valve between atria
Oxygen sensor
Main pacemaker
Regulator of blood pressure
The SA node contains autorhythmic cells that spontaneously depolarize, initiating the electrical impulse that triggers each heartbeat. It sets the pace (heart rate) for cardiac contraction. Other regions cannot override its dominant rhythm under normal conditions. Learn more.
Which system helps maintain blood pH by controlling levels of CO??
Endocrine system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Integumentary system
The respiratory system regulates blood pH by varying the rate and depth of breathing, which changes CO? removal. CO? reacts with water to form carbonic acid; lowering CO? raises pH and vice versa. This respiratory buffer acts faster than renal mechanisms. Learn more.
During translation, what is the role of tRNA?
Transports nucleotides
Synthesizes mRNA
Carries amino acids to ribosomes
Carries DNA to ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules have an anticodon region that pairs with mRNA codons and a site for a specific amino acid. They deliver the correct amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis. This ensures the polypeptide sequence matches the mRNA template. Learn more.
Which type of RNA molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
snRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match an mRNA codon with the correct amino acid via their anticodon loop. They are distinct from mRNA, which carries the genetic code, and rRNA, which forms the core of ribosome structure. This specificity ensures accurate protein synthesis. Learn more.
Which plant pigment is most effective at absorbing light in the blue-violet region of the spectrum?
Chlorophyll b
Carotene
Chlorophyll a
Xanthophyll
Chlorophyll a absorbs light most strongly in the blue-violet and red regions, playing a central role in photosystem reaction centers. Chlorophyll b and accessory pigments expand the range but are less efficient in blue light absorption. This optimizes energy capture. Learn more.
The final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is:
NAD+
Water
FAD
Oxygen
Oxygen accepts electrons at Complex IV to form water, driving the proton gradient used by ATP synthase. Without oxygen, the chain backs up and ATP synthesis halts. NAD+ and FAD are carriers earlier in cellular respiration. Learn more.
In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes, what phenotypic ratio is expected in the offspring (assuming independent assortment)?
1:2:1
1:1
9:3:3:1
3:1
Mendel's law of independent assortment predicts that two heterozygous traits will produce offspring in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for dominant - dominant, dominant - recessive, recessive - dominant, and recessive - recessive classes. This ratio holds under no linkage. Learn more.
Which enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO? in the Calvin cycle?
NADP? reductase
PEP carboxylase
ATP synthase
RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the key enzyme that attaches CO? to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, yielding two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. It is the most abundant protein on Earth and critical for carbon fixation. Learn more.
The primary function of the lymphatic system is to:
Produce insulin
Return interstitial fluid to bloodstream
Remove waste from cells
Pump blood
The lymphatic system collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the circulatory system via lymphatic vessels. It also transports lipids and contributes to immune defense through lymph nodes. Fluid balance maintenance is its primary role. Learn more.
Which law describes the rate of gas diffusion across a membrane?
Fick's law
Charles's law
Boyle's law
Henry's law
Fick's law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is proportional to the surface area, the difference in partial pressures, and inversely proportional to membrane thickness. It is fundamental to respiratory physiology. Learn more.
During meiosis I, which process ensures genetic diversity through exchange of genetic material?
Translocation
DNA replication
Independent assortment
Crossing over
Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA at chiasmata. This recombination increases genetic variability in gametes. Independent assortment also contributes but does not involve direct DNA exchange. Learn more.
During photorespiration, the enzyme RuBisCO adds which molecule to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate instead of CO??
NADPH
N?
H?O
O?
Photorespiration occurs when RuBisCO fixes O? instead of CO?, producing phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate. This alternative reaction wastes energy and reduces photosynthetic efficiency, especially under high oxygen and low CO? concentrations. Learn more.
What characteristic defines codominance in genetics?
Only one allele is inherited
Heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype
One allele completely masks another
Both alleles are expressed equally in heterozygotes
In codominance, both alleles at a locus are fully expressed in the heterozygous phenotype without blending. A classic example is the ABO blood group, where IA and IB alleles are codominant. This differs from incomplete dominance which yields an intermediate trait. Learn more.
Which cyclin-Cdk complex is primarily responsible for the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle?
Cyclin E - Cdk2
Cyclin A - Cdk2
Cyclin B - Cdk1
Cyclin D - Cdk4/6
Cyclin E binds to Cdk2 at the end of G1 phase, triggering the activation of proteins required for DNA synthesis and S-phase entry. Cyclin D - Cdk4/6 acts earlier in G1, while Cyclin B - Cdk1 controls the G2/M transition. Learn more.
Approximately how many ATP molecules are produced per molecule of FADH? during oxidative phosphorylation?
4
2.5
1.5
3
Each FADH? donates electrons to Complex II of the electron transport chain, generating a lower proton gradient than NADH oxidation. This results in the synthesis of approximately 1.5 ATP molecules per FADH?. NADH oxidation produces about 2.5 ATP. Learn more.
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Study Outcomes
Understand Cell Structure -
Interpret key organelles and their functions through targeted cell biology quiz questions, enabling clear comprehension of cellular organization and processes.
Analyze Genetic Inheritance -
Apply principles from genetics questions to predict inheritance patterns and explain how traits are passed between generations in various scenarios.
Apply Physiology Concepts -
Use human physiology quiz prompts to describe major body systems, regulatory mechanisms, and their roles in maintaining homeostasis.
Evaluate Photosynthesis Processes -
Examine light-dependent and light-independent reactions through focused photosynthesis questions, assessing energy conversion in plants.
Integrate Interdisciplinary Science -
Synthesize knowledge from cell biology, genetics, physiology, and photosynthesis to solve complex integrated science problems.
Assess Exam Readiness -
Use quiz performance feedback to identify strengths and areas for improvement in 11th grade science questions, enhancing exam preparation strategies.
Cheat Sheet
Cell Theory & Organelle Functions -
Understand the three pillars of cell theory - organisms consist of cells, cells are the basic life unit, and all cells come from pre-existing cells - mnemonic "CAB" (Cells, Arise, Basic) helps you on cell biology quiz segments. Memorize key organelle functions, such as mitochondria generating ATP and ribosomes synthesizing proteins, to boost confidence on your 11th grade science questions.
DNA Structure & Base Pairing -
Master the double-helix model with A - T (2 hydrogen bonds) and G - C (3 hydrogen bonds) base pairing by using the phrase "All Tigers Go Crazy" for genetics questions. Remember the antiparallel strands run 5' to 3' and 3' to 5', and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides during replication.
Mendelian Genetics & Punnett Squares -
Apply Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment to predict trait ratios using Punnett squares; a classic 3:1 phenotype ratio in monohybrid crosses is a must-know for your 11th grade science questions. Use the acronym "SIP" (Segregation, Independent, Probability) to recall these principles under exam pressure.
Cardiovascular System & Cardiac Output -
Calculate cardiac output (CO = heart rate × stroke volume) and understand pressure changes during systole and diastole for your human physiology quiz. Associate the "Lub-Dub" sounds with ventricular systole and atrioventricular valve closure to cement the cardiac cycle sequence in memory.
Photosynthesis Equation & Light Reactions -
Memorize the overall photosynthesis equation - 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - and remember that light-dependent reactions in chloroplast thylakoids produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle in stroma. Use the chant "Z-scheme powers sugar dream" to recall electron flow during the light reactions of your photosynthesis questions.
