A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium transferring energy without transporting matter. This distinguishes it from objects or static fields that do not convey energy in the same manner.

The correct formula showing the relationship between wave speed, wavelength, and frequency is v = λ x f. This fundamental equation applies to all wave phenomena where the medium remains constant.

Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation, such as light waves or waves on a string. This is a key characteristic that differentiates them from longitudinal waves.

Light waves are a type of electromagnetic wave and can travel through a vacuum without a medium. Electromagnetic waves also include radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Amplitude measures the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position, which is directly related to the energy of the wave. A higher amplitude generally indicates a more intense or energetic wave.

The wave speed is calculated using the formula v = λ x f. Multiplying a 3-meter wavelength by a frequency of 2 Hz gives a speed of 6 m/s.

The Doppler Effect explains how the observed frequency of a wave changes when there is relative motion between the source and the observer. It accounts for the change in pitch of a passing sound or the shift in frequency of light from moving objects.

Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another where its speed changes. This behavior is governed by Snell's law and is critical in understanding how lenses and prisms work.

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This principle is fundamental to optics and explains how mirrors direct light.

Constructive interference occurs when two waves meet in phase and reinforce each other, resulting in an increased amplitude. This amplification is a direct consequence of the waves' superposition.

Waves that are completely out of phase cancel each other out through destructive interference. This results in a reduction or complete nullification of the net amplitude at the point of superposition.

The interference of two identical waves traveling in opposite directions results in a standing wave. This pattern is characterized by fixed nodes and antinodes that do not appear to travel.

Resonance occurs when the frequency of an external force matches the system's natural frequency, causing a significant increase in amplitude. This phenomenon is essential in understanding sound in musical instruments and structural vibrations.

Wavelength is the spatial period of the wave and is defined as the distance between successive points of equivalent phase, typically crest to crest. It is one of the key parameters describing wave behavior.

The speed of a mechanical wave is determined by the physical properties of the medium, such as density, elasticity, and tension. Changes in the medium will directly affect how quickly the wave propagates.

In the fundamental mode of a string fixed at both ends, the wavelength is twice the length of the string. Therefore, for a 1-meter long string, the wavelength of the standing wave is 2 meters.

As a wave enters a slower medium, its speed decreases, causing it to bend toward the normal line. This behavior is described by Snell's law and is a fundamental aspect of refraction.

Destructive interference in thin film scenarios happens when the optical path difference is an odd multiple of half wavelengths. This phase difference causes the peaks of one wave to align with the troughs of another, resulting in cancellation.

When two waves of equal amplitude interfere with a phase difference of 90°, the resultant amplitude is determined using vector addition, yielding √(A² + A²) = √2 A. This outcome reflects the orthogonal components of the waves combining.

In a constant medium, the wave speed remains unchanged; therefore, an increase in frequency will result in a decrease in wavelength according to v = λf. The amplitude is generally independent of frequency, so it stays the same.