Speed is a scalar quantity defined as the distance traveled per unit time without any directional component. This distinguishes it from velocity, which includes direction.

The unit m/s stands for meter per second, which is used to measure velocity. It indicates how many meters an object travels in one second.

Acceleration is the rate at which an object's velocity changes over time. It can occur due to changes in speed or direction.

Newton's First Law, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object will continue its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This principle emphasizes the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in motion.

Force is defined as an interaction that causes an object to change its motion, typically described as a push or a pull. It is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction.

The equation v² = u² + 2as directly relates final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement under constant acceleration. It is particularly useful when time is not known.

Using the equation v = u + at with an initial velocity (u) of 0, the final velocity is calculated as 0 + 2*5 = 10 m/s. This demonstrates the basic concept of constant acceleration.

Newton's Second Law is succinctly expressed as F = ma, indicating that the net force acting on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. This law is fundamental in relating force, mass, and acceleration in physics.

Kinetic energy is given by the formula ½mv², expressing the energy an object possesses due to its motion. This formula is derived from integrating the work done to accelerate the object from rest.

Gravitational potential energy is calculated using the formula PE = mgh, where m is mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height above a reference level. This formula quantifies the energy stored in an object due to its elevated position.

Work is defined as the product of the force component along the direction of displacement and the displacement. When the force is perpendicular to the displacement, no work is done, as seen in uniform circular motion.

The SI unit of power is the Watt (W), which is equivalent to one Joule per second. Power measures the rate at which work is performed or energy is transferred.

Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity (p = mv). This conserved quantity is a key concept in the analysis of collisions and system dynamics.

A swinging pendulum continually converts potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa, while the total energy remains constant in an ideal system. This cyclical energy transformation is a classic demonstration of energy conservation.

In a perfectly elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. This ideal scenario contrasts with inelastic collisions, where kinetic energy is not fully conserved.

The maximum height can be determined using the formula h = u²/(2g). Substituting u = 20 m/s and g = 9.8 m/s² yields a height of approximately 20.4 m, assuming ideal conditions.

Using conservation of momentum for a perfectly inelastic collision, the total momentum before collision (5 kg × 4 m/s = 20 kg·m/s) is equal to the momentum after collision. Dividing by the combined mass (5 kg + 3 kg = 8 kg) gives a velocity of 2.5 m/s.

Ohm's law states that I = V/R. With a voltage of 20 V and a resistance of 10 Ω, the current calculates as I = 20/10 = 2 A.

Centripetal acceleration is given by the formula a = v²/r. Substituting v = 6 m/s and r = 3 m gives a = 36/3 = 12 m/s², which is necessary to keep the object in a circular path.

The period T of a simple pendulum is calculated using T = 2π√(L/g). For L = 2 m and g = 9.8 m/s², T comes out to be approximately 2.84 seconds, indicating the time for one complete oscillation.