Carbon dioxide is classified as an inorganic compound because it does not have the carbon-hydrogen bonds typical of organic substances. The other compounds all contain carbon bonded with hydrogen, making them organic.

Organic compounds are defined by the presence of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. While other elements may be present, carbon is the key element that distinguishes organic from inorganic substances.

Organic compounds primarily feature covalent bonds, where atoms share electrons to form stable molecules. This type of bonding is essential in building the carbon skeletons found in these compounds.

Alcohols are defined by the presence of the hydroxyl (-OH) group, which impacts their reactivity and properties. This functional group distinguishes them from other organic compounds that contain different groups.

Covalent bonding is the key feature in organic compounds, allowing carbon atoms to form stable, complex structures. This type of bonding underpins the vast diversity of organic molecules found in chemistry.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. In contrast, alkenes have one or more double bonds, which affects their reactivity and physical properties.

Benzene is the prototypical aromatic compound, characterized by its ring structure with delocalized pi electrons. This delocalization imparts extra stability, making benzene less reactive than many other unsaturated compounds.

Carboxylic acids feature the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group, which consists of both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl moiety attached to the same carbon atom. This group plays a key role in the acidic behavior and reactivity of these compounds.

Dehydration is a reaction where a water molecule is removed from an alcohol, leading to the formation of an alkene with a carbon-carbon double bond. This reaction is commonly utilized in organic synthesis under acidic conditions.

In electrophilic aromatic substitution, the electrophile attacks the electron-rich aromatic ring and replaces a hydrogen atom. This process allows for the substitution of various groups onto the ring while maintaining its aromaticity.

Structural isomerism refers to compounds that share the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms. This difference in structure often leads to distinct chemical and physical properties.

As the alkane chain length increases, so does the surface area available for van der Waals interactions, leading to stronger intermolecular forces. This results in a higher boiling point compared to shorter chain alkanes.

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms. This variation in structure leads to differences in their chemical and physical behavior.

A catalyst offers an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, thereby increasing the reaction rate. Importantly, it is not consumed in the reaction and can be used repeatedly.

Tert-butanol is a tertiary alcohol because its hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon atom connected to three other carbon atoms. This structure distinguishes it from primary and secondary alcohols, where the -OH group is attached to a carbon bonded with fewer carbon atoms.

Aromatic compounds are stabilized by the delocalization of pi electrons over a conjugated system that satisfies Hückel's rule (4n+2 pi electrons). This delocalization lowers the overall energy of the molecule, rendering it more stable than non-aromatic counterparts.

Methyl acetate is an ester, identifiable by its -COO- functional group formed from an acid and an alcohol. This type of compound is commonly found in solvents and fragrances due to its distinct chemical properties.

The SN2 mechanism is favored under polar aprotic conditions because these solvents do not stabilize carbocations, thereby promoting a concerted backside attack by the nucleophile. This one-step mechanism results in inversion of configuration at the reaction center.

High molecular symmetry reduces the number of unique chemical environments in a molecule, leading to fewer distinct signals in an NMR spectrum. This simplifies the analysis and interpretation of the spectral data.

A major resonance contributor is the structure that best represents the electron distribution in a molecule because it fulfills the octet rule and has lower overall energy. This structure has the greatest influence on the molecule's actual electronic characteristics.