The crust is the thin, outermost layer of the Earth and is where we live. It is distinct from the deeper, hotter layers like the mantle and core.

The rock cycle is composed of three major rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each type is formed by different geological processes.

Weathering is the process that physically breaks down rocks into smaller particles without changing their chemical composition. It is an essential first step in the rock cycle.

The mantle is the layer located directly beneath the crust and makes up a large portion of Earth's volume. It plays a key role in tectonic dynamics and heat transfer.

A rock is defined as a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. This definition distinguishes it from soil or other earth materials that have been processed or altered.

Tectonic plate movements generate stress in the Earth's crust, which is released as earthquakes. This connection helps scientists study the dynamics of plate boundaries.

A divergent boundary forms when two tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust. This process is typically observed at mid-ocean ridges.

Sedimentary rocks are formed when layers of sediment are compacted and cemented together over time. This process, known as lithification, is fundamental to sedimentary rock formation.

The water cycle redistributes water across the planet, influencing weather patterns and climate. It also plays a significant role in erosion and sediment transport.

Igneous rocks are created through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. This is the first step in the rock cycle and is key to forming new crust at divergent boundaries.

A subduction zone forms when one tectonic plate is forced below another, building up significant pressure that is released as earthquakes. This process is closely tied to both seismic and volcanic activity.

Seismic wave analysis is a primary method for probing Earth's interior by analyzing how waves travel through different layers. It helps scientists infer the properties and composition of these inaccessible regions.

Mantle convection refers to the heat-driven circulation of material within the mantle and is the primary force behind the movement of tectonic plates. This process facilitates continental drift and seafloor spreading.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment that often trap and preserve organic remains as fossils. Their formation conditions are much gentler than those of igneous or metamorphic rocks, making fossil preservation possible.

Water and atmospheric conditions, including temperature changes and chemical agents, play a critical role in weathering. These factors work together to break down rock surfaces over time.

Seismic tomography uses data from seismic waves to create three-dimensional models of Earth's interior. This method allows scientists to infer variations in temperature and composition within the mantle.

Plate tectonics reshapes continents and ocean basins, which in turn influences ocean currents and atmospheric circulation patterns. Over long periods, these changes can have significant impacts on Earth's climate.

The presence of similar fossils on continents that are now widely separated provides compelling evidence for continental drift. This finding supports the idea that continents were once connected before drifting apart.

Metamorphism results in changes in mineral composition and texture due to heat and pressure, while deformation primarily distorts the shape of rocks. Recognizing this difference is essential for understanding the processes that modify rocks within the Earth.

Fault lines are fractures in the Earth's crust where stress accumulates over time. Monitoring these areas is critical for understanding seismic activity and assessing potential earthquake risks.