Bio Sol Practice Quiz Review

Mitochondria produce ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. This function earns them the nickname 'powerhouse of the cell'.

The cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all life processes. All organisms are composed of cells, making them the basic building blocks of life.

Hydrogen bonds connect the complementary bases of DNA strands. Although each bond is weak, their combined effect stabilizes the DNA double helix.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into sugars. This process is fundamental to life on Earth, as it also produces oxygen.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information. This function is essential for heredity and overall cellular function.

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. This process is vital for generating electron carriers used in ATP production.

A monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals results in a 1:2:1 ratio for the genotypes. This ratio reflects the probabilities of inheriting different allele combinations.

During metaphase, chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell receives an equal set of chromosomes during cell division.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes, which facilitate protein synthesis. Proteins synthesized here are processed and transported to their destinations, making the RER essential for protein production.

The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, where pigments capture sunlight. This process generates ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle.

Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating mRNA into amino acids. Their role is fundamental in building and repairing cells.

Meiosis is the process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. This reduction is crucial for maintaining species-specific chromosome numbers across generations.

Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that arise through mutation. Their variations contribute to the genetic diversity and different traits observed in organisms.

The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, effectively separating it from the cytoplasm. This barrier is essential for regulating the movement of molecules between the nucleus and the rest of the cell.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells. Aerobic respiration converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, driving many cellular functions.

Natural selection is the mechanism by which beneficial traits become more common over generations. It drives evolution by selecting for traits that improve an organism's survival and reproductive success.

Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process helps maintain proper cell hydration and solute balance.

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, thereby increasing the rate at which reactions occur. They are not consumed in the process, allowing them to catalyze multiple reactions over time.

Genetic recombination shuffles genetic material during meiosis, creating new combinations of alleles. This increased genetic diversity is crucial for populations to adapt to changing environments.

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, making their internal structure simpler than that of eukaryotic cells. This fundamental difference is a key factor in the organization and evolution of cells.