World History Semester B Practice Quiz

The cell is recognized as the smallest unit capable of independent life. It carries out all necessary functions for the survival of an organism.

Mitochondria generate the majority of a cell's supply of ATP, which is used as a source of chemical energy. This function is why they are often described as the cell's powerhouse.

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy by synthesizing food in the presence of chlorophyll. This process is fundamental to plant life.

The cell membrane regulates the entry and exit of chemicals, ensuring that the internal environment remains stable. This selective barrier is essential for cell survival.

DNA contains the genetic blueprint for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. It is the carrier of hereditary information.

DNA replication takes place during the S phase of the cell cycle. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genome before division.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that creates two genetically identical daughter cells. It is essential for growth and tissue repair in multicellular organisms.

Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis through the process of crossing-over. This leads to genetic diversity among the resulting gametes.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfers genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This process is an essential step in protein synthesis.

The double helix structure of DNA allows it to store vast amounts of genetic information compactly. This structure was first described by Watson and Crick, revolutionizing biology.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to efficiently convert glucose into ATP, providing energy for cellular activities. It is a fundamental process in most eukaryotic cells.

Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light, primarily in the blue and red wavelengths, to drive the process of photosynthesis. This light energy is converted into chemical energy in plants.

Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. They play a crucial role in the nutrient cycle.

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions. They are fundamental building blocks for organs in multicellular organisms.

A community is comprised of all the different populations of organisms interacting within a particular area. This concept is central to understanding ecological relationships.

Genetic drift refers to random fluctuations in allele frequencies, especially in small populations, which can lead to unique genetic traits dominating. Unlike natural selection, genetic drift is a non-adaptive process.

Allopatric speciation happens when a population is split by geographical barriers, leading to genetic divergence over time. This process is a major driver of biodiversity.

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the production of water. This step is critical for the efficiency of aerobic respiration.

The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix where acetyl-CoA is oxidized for energy production. This cycle is a central component of cellular respiration.

Mutations are a source of genetic variation, providing raw material for evolution. Beneficial mutations can be favored by natural selection, contributing to evolutionary change over time.