Mitochondria generate ATP, the primary energy source for the cell. Their role in energy production makes them known as the powerhouse of the cell.

The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. All living things are made up of cells, making them the fundamental building blocks of life.

DNA stores the genetic blueprint for all living organisms and is responsible for heredity. Although RNA plays key roles in protein synthesis, DNA is the central repository of genetic information.

The kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular organisms that conduct photosynthesis to produce food. This process distinguishes plants from animals and other kingdoms that do not synthesize their own food.

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to create two genetically identical daughter cells. It is critical for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.

Chlorophyll is crucial for capturing light energy, which drives the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. This energy capture is the first step in converting light energy into chemical energy.

Lactic acid fermentation allows muscle cells to produce ATP without the requirement for oxygen. Although less efficient than aerobic respiration, it is essential during intense exercise when oxygen is in short supply.

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It explains how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins, which perform most cellular functions.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum. It then directs these proteins to their appropriate destinations inside or outside the cell.

Homeostasis is vital for maintaining a stable internal environment, which allows organisms to function effectively despite external changes. This balance is essential for the survival and proper functioning of cells and systems within the body.

White blood cells are an essential component of the immune system. They help protect the body by identifying and neutralizing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell due to their role in producing ATP via cellular respiration. They are central to energy metabolism in both plant and animal cells.

Enzymes function as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required. This acceleration is crucial for sustaining life processes and metabolic pathways.

Meiosis is the process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes while introducing genetic variation through recombination and independent assortment. This genetic diversity is essential for evolution and adaptation.

Ribosomes are responsible for assembling amino acids into proteins by reading messenger RNA. They play a critical role in translating genetic information into functional products.

The presence of unsaturated fatty acids, which have kinks in their structure, prevents the phospholipids from packing tightly together. This structural trait increases membrane fluidity, allowing the cell membrane to remain dynamic and flexible.

The G1/S checkpoint is a crucial control point where the cell verifies the integrity of its DNA before beginning replication. This checkpoint helps prevent the propagation of DNA errors by ensuring that damaged DNA is repaired before it is duplicated.

Prokaryotic cells generally contain a single, circular chromosome that is not enclosed in a nucleus. In contrast, eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes housed within a dedicated nuclear envelope.

Feedback inhibition is a self-regulating mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an upstream process. This prevents the overaccumulation of the product and conserves cellular resources by halting excessive synthesis.

Horizontal gene transfer, especially through conjugation, enables bacteria to rapidly share genes, including those for antibiotic resistance. This mechanism facilitates the swift spread of resistance traits among bacterial populations.