Cells are the fundamental structure and functional units of all living organisms. They provide the basis for all biological processes.

Mitochondria generate the majority of the cell's supply of ATP. They are therefore often referred to as the 'powerhouse' of the cell.

Chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs light energy used in photosynthesis. It is crucial for converting light energy into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process is vital for the energy needs of the plant.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, stores genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of living organisms. It is the blueprint for heredity.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They translate mRNA into proteins by linking amino acids together.

Anaphase is when sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell. This separation ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material before cell division.

Diffusion is a passive process where molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. It does not require the input of energy, relying instead on the kinetic energy of the molecules.

Natural selection favors individuals that possess advantageous traits, which are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, this process leads to evolutionary changes within a population.

Endosymbiosis is the theory that certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. This symbiotic relationship was crucial to the evolution of complex cells.

The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is essential for directing proteins to their proper destinations within or outside the cell.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of chemicals. Unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, it lacks ribosomes and thus is not used for protein synthesis.

A point mutation can result in a single amino acid change in the protein, which might alter its function. However, the effect depends on the nature of the mutation and its location within the gene.

In a monohybrid cross with complete dominance, the heterozygous cross typically results in a phenotypic ratio of 3 dominant to 1 recessive. This is a classic example used to illustrate Mendelian genetics.

The cell membrane's phospholipid bilayer creates a hydrophobic barrier while embedded proteins function as channels and receptors. This organization allows the cell to regulate the entry and exit of various substances based on specific properties.

Sexual reproduction shuffles genetic material, resulting in offspring with unique genetic combinations. This increased genetic diversity provides a broader range of traits, enhancing the population's potential to adapt to environmental changes over time.

Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, are essential for breaking down dead organic material. This recycling of nutrients is critical for maintaining ecosystem balance and supporting new plant growth.

Enzymes are highly specific, binding only to particular substrates due to their unique active sites. This specificity ensures that the correct reactions occur, maintaining efficient and regulated metabolic pathways.

Homeostasis is critical for the survival of organisms by keeping internal conditions stable. This stability is necessary for the proper functioning of cells and the overall health of the organism.