Cells are the smallest units capable of independent life. They form the basis of all living organisms, making them fundamental to biology.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy. This reaction also produces oxygen, a vital component for most living organisms.

The cell membrane acts as a barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It helps maintain the internal environment essential for cell survival.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, stores the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. This molecule is central to heredity and protein synthesis.

Plants have cell walls primarily composed of cellulose, which provides structural support. This feature distinguishes them from animals and many other types of organisms.

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell due to their role in generating ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Their function is critical for fueling cellular activities.

The primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotes do not have a defined nucleus. This lack of a nuclear membrane affects many of their cellular processes.

Transpiration is the process by which water travels from the roots to the leaves and evaporates into the atmosphere. This process plays a key role in nutrient uptake and temperature regulation in plants.

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both participating organisms derive benefits. This type of interaction enhances the chances of survival and reproduction for both species.

Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, fueling the plant's growth.

The S phase, or synthesis phase, is when the cell replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material.

Enzymes function as catalysts in biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction to occur. This accelerates the rate of reactions without changing the overall equilibrium.

Biodiversity contributes to a more resilient and efficient ecosystem by offering a variety of species that occupy different niches. This variety can stabilize ecosystem functions and improve productivity.

The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon atoms are recycled through the Earth's systems, including the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms. This cycle plays a crucial role in regulating climate and supporting life.

Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a stable and balanced internal environment. This regulation is essential for proper functioning and overall survival.

Natural selection causes evolutionary changes by favoring individuals with traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce. Over time, advantageous traits accumulate in the population, leading to adaptation.

A missense mutation results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein. This change can affect the protein's structure and function, potentially leading to altered activity or disease.

Competition and predation are key ecological factors that regulate population size by limiting resources and increasing mortality. These factors help maintain the balance within ecosystems.

A keystone species has a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem relative to its abundance. Removing it can disrupt food webs and habitat structure, often resulting in decreased biodiversity.

Invasive species can disrupt an ecosystem by competing with native species for resources and altering the structure of habitats. Their introduction can cascade through the food web, leading to reduced biodiversity and ecosystem instability.