Refraction is the bending of light when it enters a different medium. This phenomenon explains many everyday occurrences, such as objects appearing bent in water.

Violet light has the shortest wavelength among the visible colors. This property causes violet light to refract more than other colors when passing through a prism.

The bending appearance of a straw in water is due to refraction. Light bends moving from water to air, making the straw look displaced.

Frequency remains constant when light transitions between media. This constancy is essential for preserving the color of light.

The sun is the primary natural source of light for Earth. It provides light energy that sustains life and drives weather patterns.

The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. This principle holds true for smooth, reflective surfaces.

In a denser medium, light slows down and bends towards the normal line. This behavior is described by Snell's Law and is a defining characteristic of refraction.

Dispersion causes white light to separate into its different colors. The varying degrees of refraction for different wavelengths lead to the familiar spectrum.

The critical angle is the minimum angle of incidence in a denser medium at which total internal reflection occurs. Beyond this angle, all light is reflected back into the medium.

Snell's Law describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction and the refractive indices of the media involved. This law is fundamental in understanding how light changes direction when it enters a different medium.

Polarization is the process in which light waves are restricted to oscillate in a single plane. This property is utilized in various optical devices such as sunglasses and photographic filters.

When an object is placed between the focal point and a concave mirror, the image formed is virtual and upright. This phenomenon is commonly observed in makeup mirrors.

Convex lenses converge parallel light rays to a single focal point. They can form both real and virtual images, depending on the object's distance from the lens.

The sky appears blue because molecules in the Earth's atmosphere scatter the shorter blue wavelengths of sunlight more than the longer wavelengths. This scattering effect, known as Rayleigh scattering, is responsible for the observed blue color.

Rainbows are formed due to the dispersion of sunlight as it enters and exits water droplets. Different wavelengths of light are refracted by different amounts, separating into a spectrum of colors.

Using Snell's Law, n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2, and substituting the values gives sinθ2 ≈ 0.532, which corresponds to an angle of about 32°. This calculation demonstrates how light bends when entering a denser medium.

Using the lens formula, the image distance is calculated to be 30 cm and the magnification is -2. The negative magnification indicates that the image is inverted, and its size is twice the object, making it real and magnified.

The fringe spacing in a double-slit interference pattern is inversely proportional to the slit separation. When the distance between the slits decreases, the fringes spread further apart, increasing the spacing.

When light enters a medium with a higher refractive index, its speed decreases, causing the wavelength to shorten. However, the frequency of the light remains unchanged, preserving the energy of the photons.

Fiber-optic cables rely on total internal reflection to keep light confined within their core. This principle ensures that light reflects at the boundary, even when the fiber is bent.