Cells are the smallest units of any living organism and are responsible for carrying out vital functions. This fundamental concept underpins many aspects of biology.

Newton's First Law, also known as the law of inertia, explains that objects maintain their state of rest or constant velocity unless acted upon by a force. This foundational principle is central to understanding motion in physics.

Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of Earth's atmosphere and plays a key role in the planet's chemistry. Knowing the composition of the atmosphere is a basic scientific concept.

Solids have both a fixed shape and a fixed volume, distinguishing them from liquids and gases. This property is a fundamental characteristic in the study of matter.

The symbol 'O' stands for oxygen, an essential element for respiration and various chemical processes. Recognizing chemical symbols is a basic yet important skill in science.

The electron transport chain, located in the mitochondria, produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration. Its efficiency in converting energy is critical for cellular function.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy is not created or destroyed in an isolated system, but only transformed from one form to another. This principle is integral to both physics and chemistry.

Double displacement reactions involve the exchange of ions between two reacting compounds, resulting in the formation of two new compounds. This type of reaction commonly occurs in aqueous solutions.

Protons, located in the nucleus of an atom, carry a positive charge which is fundamental in determining the atom's identity. This concept is essential in understanding atomic structure and behavior.

Isotopes are variants of elements that have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons. This difference can affect physical properties, even though the chemical properties remain similar.

A neutral solution, such as pure water, has a pH of 7. This number is central to the pH scale, which ranges from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly basic).

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons, allowing them to attain stable electron configurations. This type of bonding is fundamental to molecular chemistry.

Deposition is the phase transition in which a gas converts directly into a solid, bypassing the liquid state. This process is observed in phenomena such as frost formation.

Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. This fundamental principle is pivotal in the study of electric circuits.

The phenotype refers to the observable traits of an organism, which result from the interaction of its genotype with environmental factors. This concept is fundamental in understanding genetic expression and variation.

The specific heat capacity is calculated using the formula c = Q/(mΔT). Substituting the given values (627 J, 15.0 g, and a 10°C change) yields approximately 4.18 J/(g°C), which is the accepted value for water.

In this galvanic cell, zinc undergoes oxidation and copper ions undergo reduction. The spontaneous reaction is represented by Zn + Cu²❺ → Zn²❺ + Cu, which drives the flow of electrons from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode.

An exothermic reaction is one that releases heat into the surroundings. Recognizing whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic is key in understanding energy changes in chemical processes.

Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, thus speeding up the reaction rate. They do not get consumed in the process and do not shift the overall equilibrium.

A decline in apex predators can lead to an increase in mesopredator populations, which may in turn disrupt the balance of lower trophic levels. This phenomenon, known as a trophic cascade, can significantly affect ecosystem stability.