Essential APHG Unit 6 Practice Test

Population density measures how crowded or sparse an area is by comparing the number of people to the available land area. It is calculated by dividing the population by the land area, making it a key indicator in spatial analysis.

Urbanization refers to the process where populations shift from rural settings to urban areas. This movement is usually driven by the search for better employment opportunities and improved living conditions.

A choropleth map uses varying shades or colors to represent data values across different areas, such as population density. It is a common tool in human geography to visualize spatial patterns and statistical distributions.

Push factors are conditions in a person's current location, such as economic hardship or political unrest, that encourage them to move elsewhere. They are contrasted with pull factors, which attract individuals to a new area.

A population pyramid visually displays the distribution of various age groups in a population, separated by gender. This tool helps demographers and geographers understand population dynamics and predict future growth trends.

Stage 1 of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in slow overall population growth. This stage typically reflects pre-industrial societies where both fertility and mortality are high.

Contagious diffusion involves the rapid, widespread transmission of an idea as people in close proximity adopt it almost simultaneously. This process resembles the spread of a contagion across a population.

Rural-to-urban migration refers to the large-scale movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of better job prospects and improved living conditions. This migration pattern is a key driver of urban growth.

Cultural hybridization involves the merging of different cultural elements to form a new, blended culture. This process is increasingly common in a globalized world where interactions among different societies are frequent.

Political instability, such as conflict or poor governance, often forces residents to leave their homes due to unsafe or undesirable living conditions. Such adverse conditions are classic push factors in migration studies.

Global cities serve as major hubs that connect local economies to international markets through finance, commerce, and culture. Their influence extends beyond national boundaries, making them pivotal centers in global networks.

Zoning is a tool used by urban planners to divide a city into areas for residential, commercial, industrial, and other purposes. It helps manage urban growth and reduce conflicts between incompatible land uses.

The concentric zone model portrays urban areas as a series of rings, with the central business district at the center surrounded by transitional, working-class, and residential zones. It was one of the first models developed to explain urban spatial organization.

A cultural landscape represents the modification of the natural environment by human beings, including architecture, land use, and other physical features. It reveals the interactions between culture and the environment over time.

Stimulus diffusion occurs when an idea or cultural trait is modified to better suit local conditions after its initial spread. Unlike direct diffusion, it involves adaptation rather than exact replication of the original concept.

Stage 2 of the demographic transition model sees a drop in death rates due to advances in healthcare and sanitation, while birth rates remain high. The result is a significant population surge, a pattern observed in many developing nations.

The multiple nuclei model suggests that cities develop several distinct centers or 'nuclei' that serve various economic or social functions. This model is useful for explaining the complex and decentralized nature of modern metropolitan areas.

Glocalization refers to the adaptation of globally marketed products to meet local cultural, economic, and social needs. This process illustrates how globalization and local traditions interact to create unique market phenomena.

Edge cities are significant commercial centers that develop outside the traditional downtown core. Their emergence challenges conventional urban hierarchy models by demonstrating a shift toward decentralized and polycentric urban development.

The Human Development Index (HDI) measures a country's overall well-being through education, health, and income. Nations that invest in quality education and healthcare services typically achieve higher HDI scores, reflecting better human development outcomes.