Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This definition distinguishes it from related fields such as biology and sociology.

Structuralism employs introspection as a method to explore the components of the mind. It focuses on breaking down complex mental processes into basic elements.

Behaviorism emphasizes the study of observable actions rather than unobservable mental states. This focus allows for objective measurement of behavior.

An operational definition specifies how a concept is measured or manipulated in a study. This clarity is crucial for replicating research and ensuring consistency.

A confounding variable is an extraneous factor that can affect the results of an experiment if not controlled. Identifying and minimizing confounds is essential for valid results.

Random assignment ensures each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group. It helps reduce bias and contributes to the internal validity of the experiment.

Gestalt principles explain how people naturally perceive patterns and whole structures rather than isolated components. This cognitive tendency helps us make sense of complex information.

Double-blind studies minimize bias by ensuring that neither participants nor the experimenters know who is assigned to which group. This design helps maintain objectivity throughout the study.

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. This manipulation is key to establishing causal relationships in an experiment.

Operationalization is the process of defining a concept so that it can be measured or manipulated. This step is essential to ensure that research methods are precise and replicable.

Construct validity evaluates whether a test truly measures the theoretical construct it aims to assess. It is crucial for ensuring that the conclusions drawn from the test are appropriate.

A case study involves a detailed examination of an individual or group, providing comprehensive and qualitative insights. However, while rich in detail, its findings may not be widely generalizable.

Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior. This perspective was pioneered by Freud and remains influential in understanding personality development.

Informed consent ensures that participants are fully aware of the research procedures, risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate. This ethical principle protects the rights and welfare of participants.

A hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from theory and prior observations. It guides the research process and helps in designing experiments to explore relationships between variables.

Using random assignment and incorporating control groups are effective methods to minimize the influence of confounding variables. These techniques help ensure that the observed effects are due to the independent variable.

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's existing beliefs. It can lead to distorted conclusions and affect both research and everyday decision-making.

An EEG records electrical activity generated by neurons in the brain. This technique is particularly useful for studying brain function with high temporal resolution.

External validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the study's specific conditions. High external validity means the results are applicable to real-world scenarios.

An experimental design with random assignment is the gold standard for establishing causality. By manipulating the independent variable and controlling for extraneous factors, researchers can infer cause-and-effect relationships.