The conservation of energy principle asserts that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This fundamental law applies across all physical processes.

Newton's Second Law states that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration, providing the quantitative link between an object's mass and its motion. This law is a cornerstone in understanding dynamics.

Ohm's Law quantitatively describes the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. It is essential for analyzing and designing electrical circuits.

Capacitors store electrical energy in an electric field between their plates. They are commonly used to smooth out voltage variations in circuits.

An electrical circuit is defined as a closed loop that permits the continuous flow of current. This closed path is essential for the operation of any electrical device.

In a series circuit, the individual resistances simply add up, yielding the total resistance. This straightforward summation is fundamental in series circuit analysis.

Ohm's Law states that current (I) equals voltage (V) divided by resistance (R). Dividing 12V by 4 ohms gives a current of 3 A.

A fuse is a safety device designed to interrupt the flow of electricity when excessive current is detected. This interruption prevents damage and reduces the risk of fire or component failure.

In a hydroelectric turbine, water stored at height possesses gravitational potential energy. As it falls, this energy is converted into kinetic energy, which is then harnessed to generate electrical energy.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the total of all voltage drops and rises around any closed loop in a circuit must equal zero. This principle is essential for solving circuit problems.

Phase difference refers to the time offset between corresponding points on two periodic waveforms. This concept is important for understanding the behavior of AC circuits.

The ohm is the standard unit for measuring electrical resistance. It quantifies the opposition to current flow in a circuit.

In parallel circuits, the voltage supplied is evenly applied to each branch regardless of individual resistor values. This is a key property of parallel configurations.

Inductors resist sudden changes in current due to their ability to store energy in a magnetic field. This property makes them essential in filtering and energy storage applications.

The first law of thermodynamics, which is the law of energy conservation, states that the total energy in an isolated system must remain constant. Energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed.

Calculating equivalent resistance in mixed networks requires an iterative approach. Series resistances are added directly while parallel resistances are combined using the reciprocal formula until a single value is obtained.

As temperature rises, the atoms in a metallic conductor vibrate more vigorously, which increases the frequency of collisions with electrons. This enhanced scattering results in a higher resistance.

The resonant frequency of an LC circuit is determined by both the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) values, as expressed by the formula f = 1/(2π√(LC)). This relationship is fundamental in designing oscillator circuits.

The power factor indicates the efficiency of power usage by showing the ratio of real power to apparent power. A low power factor signifies inefficiencies, making it a crucial metric in AC power analysis.

Semiconductor devices like diodes exhibit non-linear behavior because they do not conduct significantly until a threshold voltage is reached. Once this threshold is exceeded, current increases exponentially, breaking the linear V-I relationship.