Matter is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass. This concept forms the foundation of physical science as it explains the substance of all physical objects.

Kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion. A moving car clearly demonstrates kinetic energy as it is in motion.

A pulley system uses a wheel and a rope or chain to change the direction of the force applied and make lifting heavy loads easier. This simple machine is commonly used in cranes and elevators.

Energy is defined as the capacity to perform work or cause change. It is not a material substance but rather a property of objects and systems.

Solids have a fixed shape and volume because their particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement. In contrast, liquids and gases do not maintain a definite shape.

Newton's Second Law states that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration (F = ma). This law directly relates how an object's motion changes when a force is applied.

The joule is the standard unit for energy in the International System of Units (SI). It quantifies the amount of work done when a force of one newton is applied over a one-meter distance.

A chemical change results in the formation of one or more new substances with different properties. This is distinct from a physical change where the form or appearance of a substance is altered but its composition remains the same.

Chemical changes involve transforming substances into new materials with different chemical properties, while physical changes only affect the form or state of a substance. This distinction is fundamental in understanding matter interactions.

An ammeter is specifically designed to measure the flow of electric current in a circuit. Voltmeter, on the other hand, measures electrical potential difference, not current.

Power quantifies the rate at which work is performed or energy is transferred. It is an important concept in understanding how quickly energy is used or transformed in a system.

In a hydroelectric power plant, the gravitational potential energy of water is first converted into kinetic energy, which then drives turbines to generate electrical energy. This sequence of energy conversions is a key application of energy conservation principles.

Solar energy is a renewable resource because it is naturally replenished by the sun. In contrast, fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and oil are finite and take millions of years to form.

A resistor is used in circuits to control and limit the flow of electric current by providing resistance. This prevents damage to components by ensuring that current levels remain within safe limits.

Deceleration refers to a decrease in speed or a negative acceleration. A car slowing down when approaching a stop sign is a clear example of deceleration in motion.

Using Newton's Second Law (F = m × a), the net force is calculated as 10 kg multiplied by 2 m/s², which equals 20 Newtons. This problem tests the application of basic motion principles.

According to Ohm's Law (I = V/R), if the voltage is doubled and resistance remains constant, the current will double as well. This demonstrates the direct proportionality between voltage and current in a circuit.

An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings, leading to a temperature drop within the container. This concept helps in understanding energy flow during chemical transformations.

The motion of a satellite in orbit is maintained by the centripetal force provided by gravity, which continuously pulls the satellite toward Earth, balancing its inertia. This balance enables a stable orbit.

In a food chain, plants harness solar energy through photosynthesis and store it as chemical energy. Consumers then obtain this chemical energy from plants and convert it into other forms like kinetic and thermal energy, illustrating the conservation and transformation of energy within ecosystems.