Innovating to end malaria
What percentage of the world's population is at risk of malaria?
10%
50%
25%
75%
About half of the world’s population is at risk of malaria. In 2019, there were an estimated 229 million cases of malaria in 87 countries that claimed the lives of approximately 409,000 people—67 percent of whom were young children. Changing weather patterns linked to climate change could put even more people at risk. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change could lead to at least 60,000 more deaths from malaria between 2030 and 2050.
About half of the world’s population is at risk of malaria. In 2019, there were an estimated 229 million cases of malaria in 87 countries that claimed the lives of approximately 409,000 people—67 percent of whom were young children. Changing weather patterns linked to climate change could put even more people at risk. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change could lead to at least 60,000 more deaths from malaria between 2030 and 2050.
There are five different parasite species that cause malaria. Which of the following is NOT a real malaria parasite?
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium orbus
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium knowlesi
P. falciparum is responsible for the majority of deaths globally and is the most prevalent species in sub-Saharan Africa. The second most common species is P. vivax, which is prevalent in Southeast Asia and Latin America. While P. vivax typically causes less severe illness than P. falciparum, it can remain dormant in the liver and reactivate months later, making it challenging to treat and control. P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, the last of which also impacts primates, represent a smaller portion of global infections.
P. falciparum is responsible for the majority of deaths globally and is the most prevalent species in sub-Saharan Africa. The second most common species is P. vivax, which is prevalent in Southeast Asia and Latin America. While P. vivax typically causes less severe illness than P. falciparum, it can remain dormant in the liver and reactivate months later, making it challenging to treat and control. P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, the last of which also impacts primates, represent a smaller portion of global infections.
Which compound, first derived from a Chinese herb, is the basis of combination therapies that have become the gold standard for treating P. falciparum malaria worldwide?
Artemisinin
Mefloquine
Chloroquine
Atovaquone
Artemisinin was first isolated from the sweet wormwood plant employed in Chinese traditional medicine. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), first developed in the 1990s, use artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives and have become the standard treatment for P. falciparum malaria worldwide and have helped contribute to a 62 percent decline in malaria mortality between 2000 and 2015.
Artemisinin was first isolated from the sweet wormwood plant employed in Chinese traditional medicine. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), first developed in the 1990s, use artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives and have become the standard treatment for P. falciparum malaria worldwide and have helped contribute to a 62 percent decline in malaria mortality between 2000 and 2015.
Which two tools were responsible for an estimated 78 percent of averted malaria cases between 2000 and 2015?
Insecticide-treated bednets and antimalarial drugs
Indoor residual spraying and malaria vaccine
Insecticide-treated bednets and indoor residual spraying
Antimalarial drugs and malaria vaccine
Vector control tools, including insecticide-treated bednets and indoor residual spraying, have driven dramatic declines in malaria cases worldwide. However, the success of vector control tools is now being threatened by the growth of insecticide resistance, underscoring the need for continued innovation to develop new insecticides and formulations. The Innovative Vector Control Consortium is one group working to create novel insecticides.
Vector control tools, including insecticide-treated bednets and indoor residual spraying, have driven dramatic declines in malaria cases worldwide. However, the success of vector control tools is now being threatened by the growth of insecticide resistance, underscoring the need for continued innovation to develop new insecticides and formulations. The Innovative Vector Control Consortium is one group working to create novel insecticides.
Tafenoquine, a new medicine first approved in 2018, prevents the relapse of which malaria strain?
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Tafenoquine is a single-dose medicine to prevent the relapse of P. vivax malaria, which was developed by GHTC member Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) with support from the US Agency for International Development and the Department of Defense (DoD). It is the first new treatment for this indication in more than 60 years. A companion point-of-care diagnostic test to guide its use was approved in 2019.
Tafenoquine is a single-dose medicine to prevent the relapse of P. vivax malaria, which was developed by GHTC member Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) with support from the US Agency for International Development and the Department of Defense (DoD). It is the first new treatment for this indication in more than 60 years. A companion point-of-care diagnostic test to guide its use was approved in 2019.
Which of the following sample types is NOT used to diagnose malaria?
Blood
Pus
Saliva
Urine
Malaria is typically diagnosed using blood samples. Examination of a “blood smear” by microscope is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, but in low-resource settings worldwide where laboratory infrastructure is more limited, rapid, point-of-care antigen blood tests, which were first introduced in the early 1990s, have become a critical tool. More recently, non-blood-based testing approaches have been introduced, including a urine test and a saliva test, though work continues to study and scale these new approaches.
Malaria is typically diagnosed using blood samples. Examination of a “blood smear” by microscope is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, but in low-resource settings worldwide where laboratory infrastructure is more limited, rapid, point-of-care antigen blood tests, which were first introduced in the early 1990s, have become a critical tool. More recently, non-blood-based testing approaches have been introduced, including a urine test and a saliva test, though work continues to study and scale these new approaches.
True or False: Instead of taking their malaria medicine as pills, children can receive malaria medicine in the form of cherry-flavored tablets that dissolve in water.
True
False
True. In 2019, MMV and Novartis launched Coartem® Dispersible, a child-friendly malaria medicine that comes in the form of cherry-flavored tablets that dissolve in water. Since then, more than 400 million treatments have been distributed in more than 50 countries, saving the lives of an estimated 860,000 children. This is just one of several products MMV has helped advance to improve malaria treatment among children.
True. In 2019, MMV and Novartis launched Coartem® Dispersible, a child-friendly malaria medicine that comes in the form of cherry-flavored tablets that dissolve in water. Since then, more than 400 million treatments have been distributed in more than 50 countries, saving the lives of an estimated 860,000 children. This is just one of several products MMV has helped advance to improve malaria treatment among children.
In what year did pilot implementation begin for the world’s first malaria vaccine?
2003
2017
2014
2019
The world’s first—and to date, only—malaria vaccine, RTS,S, which provides partial protection in young children, began pilot implementation in parts of three sub-Saharan African countries—Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi—in 2019. The vaccine was developed through a unique multisector partnership, led by GSK and GHTC member PATH—and now in collaboration with WHO—with critical contributions from the DoD Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and other US agencies.
The world’s first—and to date, only—malaria vaccine, RTS,S, which provides partial protection in young children, began pilot implementation in parts of three sub-Saharan African countries—Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi—in 2019. The vaccine was developed through a unique multisector partnership, led by GSK and GHTC member PATH—and now in collaboration with WHO—with critical contributions from the DoD Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and other US agencies.
True or False: It is common for individuals to take malaria medicine both to treat AND prevent malaria.
True
False
True. This is known as malaria chemoprophylaxis and the widespread deployment of this approach is called mass drug administration. To help simplify the use of chemoprophylaxis, scientists are working to develop long-acting injectable malaria drugs, which could confer protection for weeks or months.
True. This is known as malaria chemoprophylaxis and the widespread deployment of this approach is called mass drug administration. To help simplify the use of chemoprophylaxis, scientists are working to develop long-acting injectable malaria drugs, which could confer protection for weeks or months.
Which of the following is NOT currently an approach used to administer antimalarial drugs?
Oral administration
Rectal suppository
Inhalation
Injection
Intravenous administration
Oral, injectable, and intravenous formulations of antimalarial treatments have been in use for decades. In 2018, WHO approved the first-ever rectal artesunate product for severe malaria, which is recommended for young children with severe malaria who would not be able to access the injectable form of the treatment for many hours, due to factors like distance from a health facility. An inhalable formulation of the antimalarial hydroxychloroquine was at one point studied as a potential treatment for COVID-19; however, no inhalable drug is currently approved as a malaria treatment.
Oral, injectable, and intravenous formulations of antimalarial treatments have been in use for decades. In 2018, WHO approved the first-ever rectal artesunate product for severe malaria, which is recommended for young children with severe malaria who would not be able to access the injectable form of the treatment for many hours, due to factors like distance from a health facility. An inhalable formulation of the antimalarial hydroxychloroquine was at one point studied as a potential treatment for COVID-19; however, no inhalable drug is currently approved as a malaria treatment.
{"name":"Innovating to end malaria", "url":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/QQ975FE8T","txt":"What percentage of the world's population is at risk of malaria?, About half of the world’s population is at risk of malaria. In 2019, there were an estimated 229 million cases of malaria in 87 countries that claimed the lives of approximately 409,000 people—67 percent of whom were young children. Changing weather patterns linked to climate change could put even more people at risk. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change could lead to at least 60,000 more deaths from malaria between 2030 and 2050., There are five different parasite species that cause malaria. Which of the following is NOT a real malaria parasite?","img":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/3012/images/ogquiz.png"}
